张家口市水资源安全风险空间分异研究

doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.01.009

资源与生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (1): 91-98.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.01.009

张家口市水资源安全风险空间分异研究

鲁春霞¹^,²(), 邓欧³^,^*(), 李亦秋³

1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3.贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院,贵阳 550001

收稿日期:2020-03-10 接受日期:2020-06-30 出版日期:2021-01-30 发布日期:2021-03-30
通讯作者: 邓欧

A Study on Spatial Variation of Water Security Risks for the Zhangjiakou Region

LU Chunxia¹^,²(), DENG Ou³^,^*(), LI Yiqiu³

1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. School of Geography & Environmental Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China

Received:2020-03-10 Accepted:2020-06-30 Online:2021-01-30 Published:2021-03-30
Contact: DENG Ou
About author:LU Chunxia, E-mail: lucx@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment(2017ZX07101001);Guizhou Normal University Doctoral Funds(GZNUD[2017]8);Guizhou Normal University Doctoral Funds(GZNUD[2017]9);Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province([2019]1218);Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province([2019]1222);Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province([2020]1Z031)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

张家口市地处生态脆弱的农牧交错地带,地表水资源匮乏,地下水超采严重,可利用的地表水资源有限。同时,张家口市又处于京津冀协同发展中的水源涵养区,其水资源安全对于整个京津冀至关重要。根据水资源安全风险大小进行水资源分区管理和决策工作意义重大。本文在遵循科学性、可比性、可操作性和数据可获取性原则指导下,构建水资源安全风险评价指标体系,利用层次分析法求取指标权重,采用数理统计和3S技术空间分析获取张家口市基于水资源分区的以县域为单位的多源数据,进行数据归一化处理和加权水资源安全风险评价,结果表明：张家口市水资源安全风险在地貌单元与县域行政尺度上和在流域尺度上分异明显。坝上高风险区面积较大,但高风险极端值在坝下市辖区;流域尺度上水资源安全高风险区分布在内陆河流域和永定河流域,所辖的滦河流域、潮白河流域、大青河流域水资源安全风险值呈现由北向南降低的趋势。坝上偏西偏北区域,“孕灾环境脆弱性”对水资源安全风险的贡献率最大,坝下农区农业用水虽然会挤占其它产业发展和生态用水空间,在水资源禀赋不足的条件下,市辖区城市人口的集聚和工业经济的发展造成的水资源数量短缺和水环境污染所引发的水资源安全风险更大。张家口市水资源安全风险的空间分异研究,可为农牧交错带水资源安全风险分区管理和决策工作提供重要科学参考。

关键词: 水资源安全, 风险评价, 空间分异, 张家口市

Abstract:

Zhangjiakou region is situated in an agro-pastoral ecotone with a fragile ecosystem. While it has limited surface water resources available and serious groundwater over-exploitation, the city is located in the water conservation zone for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development area, so its water security is crucial for the entire Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Therefore, it is of vital significance to determine the zoning management of water resources and decision-making according to the magnitude of water resource security risks. This study built an indicator system for water security risk assessment in line with the principles of scientific validity, comparability, operability, and data availability, and this system gives weights to these indicators using the AHP approach. County-level multi-source data for the study area, based on water resource zones, were collected by using mathematical statistics and 3S technology. With normalized data and a weighting method the water security risks were calculated. The results showed large spatial variations of water security risks in Zhangjiakou on the scales of geomorphic and administrative units as well as river basins. High-risk areas are extensive in the Bashang Plateau, and extremely high risk values are found in the Baxia areas. On the watershed scale, high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the inland river basins and the Yongding River basin. The risk values of the Luanhe River, Chaobai River and Daqing River basins in the Zhangjiakou region tend to decrease from north to south. For the northern and western areas of the Bashang Plateau, the factor of “vulnerability of the disaster-prone environment” contributes the most to the water security risk level. Agricultural water use constrains industrial and ecological water use, but in the context of inadequate water resource endowments, the urban population concentration and industrial development are the main causes of water shortages and water pollution so they contribute more to water security risks. This study of the spatial variation of water security risks in Zhangjiakou can provide an important scientific reference for zone-based management and decision-making for reducing the water security risks in the farming-pastoral ecotone.

Key words: water security, risk assessment, spatial variation, Zhangjiakou region

鲁春霞, 邓欧, 李亦秋. 张家口市水资源安全风险空间分异研究[J]. 资源与生态学报, 2021, 12(1): 91-98.

LU Chunxia, DENG Ou, LI Yiqiu. A Study on Spatial Variation of Water Security Risks for the Zhangjiakou Region[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2021, 12(1): 91-98.

图/表 7

参考文献 21

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Water resource zoning	Administrative division	Area (km²)	Water resource zoning	Administrative division	Area (km²)
Luanhe mountainous area	Guyuan	732.00	Cetian Reservoir to Sanjiadian of Yongding River	Qiaodong	34.40
Sub-total		732.00		Qiaoxi	101.32
Beisanhe mountainous Area	Guyuan	1083.00		Xuanhua	264.20
Beisanhe mountainous Area	Chicheng	5287.00		Xiahuayuan	304.00
Sub-total		6370.00		Xuanhua	2107.70
Daqinghe mountainous area	Zhuolu	1019.64		Shangyi	1337.64
Daqinghe mountainous area	Yuxian	237.06		Yuxian	2982.40
Sub-total		1256.70		Yangyuan	1839.00
Eastern Inner Mongolia Plateau (Inland river basins)	Zhangbei	3872.70		Huai’an	1693.00
	Kangbao	3364.80		Wanquan	1160.97
	Shangyi	1294.83		Huailai	1604.40
	Guyuan	1573.00		Zhuolu	1778.95
	Saibei	227.33		Chongli	2344.10
	Chabei	373.00		Gaoxin	169.10
Sub-total		10705.66	Sub-total		17721.18
Total					36785.54

Water resource zoning	Administrative division	Area (km²)	Water resource zoning	Administrative division	Area (km²)
Luanhe mountainous area	Guyuan	732.00	Cetian Reservoir to Sanjiadian of Yongding River	Qiaodong	34.40
Sub-total		732.00		Qiaoxi	101.32
Beisanhe mountainous Area	Guyuan	1083.00		Xuanhua	264.20
Beisanhe mountainous Area	Chicheng	5287.00		Xiahuayuan	304.00
Sub-total		6370.00		Xuanhua	2107.70
Daqinghe mountainous area	Zhuolu	1019.64		Shangyi	1337.64
Daqinghe mountainous area	Yuxian	237.06		Yuxian	2982.40
Sub-total		1256.70		Yangyuan	1839.00
Eastern Inner Mongolia Plateau (Inland river basins)	Zhangbei	3872.70		Huai’an	1693.00
	Kangbao	3364.80		Wanquan	1160.97
	Shangyi	1294.83		Huailai	1604.40
	Guyuan	1573.00		Zhuolu	1778.95
	Saibei	227.33		Chongli	2344.10
	Chabei	373.00		Gaoxin	169.10
Sub-total		10705.66	Sub-total		17721.18
Total					36785.54

Target layer (Z)	Attribute layer (A)	Indicator layer (B)	Description
Water security risks (WR)	Hazard (H)	Per capita available water resources (H₁)	Calculate the amount of water resources based on precipitation and the water production coefficient, and calculate the ratio of water resources to total resident population (m³person^-1)
		Development and utilization rate of water resources (H₂)	Percentage of regional water consumption to total available water resources (%)
		Percentage of groundwater supply (H₃)	Percentage of groundwater sources in total water supply (%)
		Emission intensity per 10000 yuan of GDP (H₄)	Ratio of wastewater discharge to GDP (m³(10⁴ yuan)^-1)
		Drought index (H₅)	Ratio of annual evaporation capacity to annual precipitation
		Variation coefficient of precipitation (H₆)	Standard deviation divided by average precipitation
	Exposure (E)	Population density (E₁)	Population per unit area (persons km^-2)
		Per capita GDP (E₂)	Ratio of GDP to resident population (yuan person^-1)
		Percentage of cultivated land (E₃)	Percentage of cultivated land in total land area (%)
		Percentage of effective irrigated farmland (E₄)	Percentage of effective irrigation in cultivated land area (%)
		Percentage of agricultural output value in GDP (E₅)	Percentage of agricultural output value in GDP (%)
	Vulnerability (V)	Forest and grassland coverage (V₁)	Percentage of forests and grassland in total land area (%)
		Percentage of surface engineering water supply (V₂)	Percentage of surface engineering in total water supply (%)
		Water consumption per 10000 yuan of industrial added value (V₃)	Ratio of industrial water consumption to industrial added value (m³(10⁴ yuan)^-1)
		Water consumption per unit of GDP (V₄)	Ratio of water consumption to GDP (m³(10⁴ yuan)^-1)
		Water consumption per mu of irrigated farmland (V₅)	Ratio of irrigation water to actual irrigated farmland (m³mu^-1)
		Percentage of eco-environmental water replenishment (V₆)	Percentage of eco-environmental water replenishment in total water supply (%)

Target layer (Z)	Attribute layer (A)	Indicator layer (B)	Description
Water security risks (WR)	Hazard (H)	Per capita available water resources (H₁)	Calculate the amount of water resources based on precipitation and the water production coefficient, and calculate the ratio of water resources to total resident population (m³person^-1)
		Development and utilization rate of water resources (H₂)	Percentage of regional water consumption to total available water resources (%)
		Percentage of groundwater supply (H₃)	Percentage of groundwater sources in total water supply (%)
		Emission intensity per 10000 yuan of GDP (H₄)	Ratio of wastewater discharge to GDP (m³(10⁴ yuan)^-1)
		Drought index (H₅)	Ratio of annual evaporation capacity to annual precipitation
		Variation coefficient of precipitation (H₆)	Standard deviation divided by average precipitation
	Exposure (E)	Population density (E₁)	Population per unit area (persons km^-2)
		Per capita GDP (E₂)	Ratio of GDP to resident population (yuan person^-1)
		Percentage of cultivated land (E₃)	Percentage of cultivated land in total land area (%)
		Percentage of effective irrigated farmland (E₄)	Percentage of effective irrigation in cultivated land area (%)
		Percentage of agricultural output value in GDP (E₅)	Percentage of agricultural output value in GDP (%)
	Vulnerability (V)	Forest and grassland coverage (V₁)	Percentage of forests and grassland in total land area (%)
		Percentage of surface engineering water supply (V₂)	Percentage of surface engineering in total water supply (%)
		Water consumption per 10000 yuan of industrial added value (V₃)	Ratio of industrial water consumption to industrial added value (m³(10⁴ yuan)^-1)
		Water consumption per unit of GDP (V₄)	Ratio of water consumption to GDP (m³(10⁴ yuan)^-1)
		Water consumption per mu of irrigated farmland (V₅)	Ratio of irrigation water to actual irrigated farmland (m³mu^-1)
		Percentage of eco-environmental water replenishment (V₆)	Percentage of eco-environmental water replenishment in total water supply (%)

Attributes	W	Factors	W_i	Consistency Ratio (CR)
H	0.4039	H₁	0.2288	0.0759
		H₂	0.1887
		H₃	0.131
		H₄	0.2399
		H₅	0.1353
		H₆	0.0763
E	0.2806	E₁	0.3017	0.0131	0.0001
		E₂	0.1006
		E₃	0.1778
		E₄	0.3017
		E₅	0.1182
V	0.3154	V₁	0.1964	0.0054
		V₂	0.3114
		V₃	0.2031
		V₄	0.0926
		V₅	0.0982
		V₆	0.0982

张家口市水资源安全风险空间分异研究

A Study on Spatial Variation of Water Security Risks for the Zhangjiakou Region

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Target layer (Z)	Indicator layer (B)	W_H	Indicator layer (B)	W_E	Indicator layer (B)	W_V
WR	H₁	0.0924	E₁	0.0847	V₁	0.0620
	H₂	0.0762	E₂	0.0282	V₂	0.0982
	H₃	0.0547	E₃	0.0499	V₃	0.0641
	H₄	0.0308	E₄	0.0847	V₄	0.0310
	H₅	0.0529	E₅	0.0332	V₅	0.0292
	H₆	0.0969			V₆	0.0310
CR	CR=0.0375<0.1

Water resource zoning	Administrative division	Hazard	Exposure	Vulnerability	Water security risks	Security risk level
Luanhe mountainous area	Guyuan	0.0460	0.0951	0.1460	0.2871	L
Beisanhe mountainous area	Guyuan	0.0720	0.0662	0.1336	0.2718	L
Beisanhe mountainous area	Chicheng	0.1001	0.0480	0.1099	0.2579	L
Cetian Reservoir to Sanjiadian of Yongding River	Qiaodong	0.2633	0.1782	0.1634	0.6049	EH
	Qiaoxi	0.2472	0.1077	0.1837	0.5387	EH
	Xuanhua	0.2920	0.1122	0.2094	0.6136	EH
	Xiahuayuan	0.1919	0.0495	0.1112	0.3526	L
	Xuanhua	0.1486	0.1009	0.1570	0.4065	H
	Shangyi	0.1360	0.0787	0.1764	0.3910	H
	Yuxian	0.1694	0.0746	0.1162	0.3601	M
	Yangyuan	0.1388	0.0874	0.1137	0.3400	M
	Huai'an	0.1815	0.0794	0.1746	0.4355	H
	Wanquan	0.1451	0.1071	0.0890	0.3412	M
	Huailai	0.1459	0.1110	0.0846	0.3415	M
	Zhuolu	0.1552	0.1181	0.1117	0.3850	M
	Chongli	0.1449	0.0505	0.1168	0.3122	L
	Gaoxin	0.2360	0.0928	0.1998	0.5286	EH
Daqinghe mountainous area	Zhuolu	0.1022	0.0570	0.0493	0.2086	LR
Eastern Inner Mongolia Plateau (Inland river basins)	Zhangbei	0.1975	0.0712	0.1682	0.4369	H
	Kangbao	0.1323	0.0781	0.1680	0.3784	M
	Shangyi	0.1131	0.0787	0.1764	0.3682	M
	Guyuan	0.1746	0.0853	0.1801	0.4400	EH
	Saibei	0.1749	0.1336	0.1742	0.4827	EH
	Chabei	0.1630	0.0964	0.1508	0.4103	H

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