Journal of Resources and Ecology

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Regional Differences, Dynamic Evolution, and Obstacle Factors in the Development of Agricultural New Quality Productive Forces in China

QIN Lingui, LIU Songqi, WANG Wanzhi, MIAO Fengsheng, XIE Fengjie

Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2025, 16(5): 1499-1514. DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2025.05.021

Primary indicator	Secondary indicator	Tertiary indicators	Explanation	Attribute
Agricultural laborers	Agricultural labor potential	Rural human capital	Average years of education among rural residents (X₁)	+
	Agricultural labor potential	Rural entrepreneurship awareness	Rural entrepreneurship activity level (X₂)	+
	Agricultural labor productivity	Agricultural economic output	Agricultural production efficiency (X₃)	+
	Agricultural labor productivity	Agricultural economic income	Per capita disposable income of rural residents (X₄)	+
Agricultural labor objects	Agricultural industry development level	Traditional agriculture upgrading	Proportion of agricultural product processing industry (X₅)	+
		Emerging agriculture growing	Number of national leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization (X₆)	+
		Future agriculture construction	Number of digital industrialized agricultural enterprises (X₇)	+
	Agricultural green development level	Agricultural ecology development	Forest coverage rate (X₈)	+
		Agricultural ecology development	Number of green agricultural enterprises (X₉)	+
		Agricultural environmental protection	Pesticide application intensity (X₁₀)	−
		Agricultural environmental protection	Fertilizer application intensity (X₁₁)	−
Agricultural labor resources	Agricultural material labor resource	Agricultural digital infrastructure	Rural cell phone penetration rate (X₁₂)	+
	Agricultural material labor resource	Agricultural digital infrastructure	Rural Internet penetration rate (X₁₃)	+
	Agricultural intangible labor resource	Agricultural science & technology innovation	Number of agricultural science and technology patents per capita (X₁₄)	+
		Agricultural science & technology innovation	Expenditures on agricultural science and technology activities (X₁₅)	+
		Agricultural digital level	Number of Taobao villages (X₁₆)	+
		Agricultural digital level	Active participation of enterprises in e-commerce (X₁₇)	+

Table 2 Evaluation indicator system of ANQPFs

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Table 1 Policies related to ANQPFs from 2024 to 2025
Figure 1 Measurement results of ANQPFs at the national and regional levels Note: The eastern region includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong and Hainan; the central region includes Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan; the western region includes Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang.
Table 3 Measurement results of ANQPFs at the provincial level
Figure 2 Trends in overall and intra-regional Gini coefficient of ANQPFs
Figure 3 Trends in inter-regional Gini coefficient of ANQPFs
Table 4 Sources of differences and contribution rates
Figure 4 Structural differences of ANQPFs
Figure 5 Dynamic distribution characteristics of ANQPFs
Table 5 Markov transition probability matrix of ANQPFs
Table 6 Major obstacle factors of ANQPFs

模态框（Modal）标题

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