Cultivated land is an important resource for the realization of ecological product mechanisms, and the value realization of cultivated land ecological products (CLEP) is beneficial for the development of China’s ecological market. Therefore, understanding the collaborative and behavioral evolutionary mechanisms among multiple stakeholders in the process of realizing the value of CLEP and revealing the impacts of various factors on the participants’ decision-making behavior are critical components in realizing the value of CLEP and promoting agricultural modernization. Based on evolutionary game theory, this study establishes a three-party game model with the government, agricultural enterprises, and consumers as the main bodies. By analyzing the behavioral developmental trajectories of several actors under various strategies, the model deduces that diverse strategy combinations will arise. The model is then used for simulations with data from relevant sources. Finally, based on the findings, the effects of various elements on the actors’ strategy choices and the system’s stability are examined. The results reveal three main findings: (1) The increase in subsidies provided by the government helps improve the enthusiasm of agricultural enterprises and consumers; (2) The higher the participation of agricultural enterprises in the construction of high-standard farmland, the greater the ecological benefit distribution coefficient, and the more conducive it is to the value realization of CLEP; (3) Consumers are the most sensitive to the additional costs for CLEP, followed by agricultural enterprises, with the government as the least susceptible. Based on these conclusions, several policy recommendations are proposed. First, the government should take targeted measures and refine the allocation of government fiscal funds. Second, the government should actively establish a multi-subject collaborative mechanism for realizing the value of CLEP. Third, the government should improve the policy system for realizing the value of CLEP and fully protect the interests of agricultural enterprises and consumers. Finally, subsidy incentives and signaling functions should be reinforced to support the expansion of both supply and demand by lowering production costs and increasing market awareness and trust, thus encouraging a virtuous cycle in the realization of arable land ecological product value.

In the context of building an ecological civilization, establishing a bidirectional conversion channel between “green mountains and clear waters” and “golden mountains and silver mountains” in rural areas is of great significance for promoting the realization of ecological product values, which is essential for the comprehensive revitalization of these regions. This study examines the core issue of realizing rural ecological product value. Based on an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study systematically examines the conceptual evolution, characteristics, and classification of this realization. It summarizes the core mechanisms of rural ecological product value realization and clarifies the paths and modes associated with it. The study finds that the realization of rural ecological product value has characteristics related to greener stakeholders, integrated resource use, market-led processes, and diversified value composition. The core mechanisms involved include the accounting, transformation, transaction, and feedback of ecological product values. Typical modes are characterized by leadership from village collectives, social capital, and state-owned capital, whereas effective pathways are exemplified by the collaborative integration of policy, industrial, financial, and innovation chains. Based on these insights, this study offers policy recommendations aimed at improving and strengthening the mechanisms for realizing rural ecological product values.

The construction of national parks is a strategic choice for safeguarding national ecological security and an urgent need for increasing the supply of high-quality ecological products. To sort out the basic logic and internal connections of the value realization of ecological products in national parks, this study puts forward the key elements and core mechanisms for the value realization of ecological products in national parks. Combining practical experience at home and abroad, the value realization modes of ecological products in national parks are divided into four major categories of national park ecological protection compensation, ecological right transaction, ecological capital income and ecological resource industrial operation, which are divided into 10 subcategories. Among the major categories, national park ecological protection compensation includes ecological compensation, transfer payment and ecological damage compensation; national park ecological right transaction includes payment for ecological services, pollution discharge rights and resource development rights; national park ecological capital income includes resource property right financing and compensation income financing; and national park ecological resource industrial operation includes industrial operation and franchised operation. The value realization of ecological products in national parks can be promoted by establishing and improving the national park ecological compensation mechanism and market-oriented mechanism, and by developing characteristic industries.

Analyzing the internal logic of the value realization of forest ecological products is crucial for promoting the implementation of the “Two Mountains” concept. Although domestic and foreign research has explored the definitions, connotations, and realization paths, existing reviews still face two limitations. On the one hand, there is a lack of systematic integration and comparison of the accounting methods, influencing factors, and practical cases related to value realization. On the other hand, they fail to fully demonstrate the latest progress and synergistic relationships in key dimensions such as innovation in accounting methods, the diversification of market-oriented paths, and the improvement of institutional systems. Therefore, this study systematically reviews the theoretical foundations and explores multidimensional prospects. By constructing a systematic analytical framework that includes connotation definition, knowledge mapping analysis, influencing factors, practical cases, and research prospects, this review summarizes research progress in standardizing accounting methods, collaborative pathways involving governmental and market mechanisms, and key influencing factors spanning the supply-side, demand-side, institutional, and technological dimensions. Furthermore, through a comparative analysis of typical domestic and international cases, this study reveals the potential for differentiated realization models and global synergy. Finally, for addressing current challenges, this study proposes future research directions from six dimensions, including the innovation of accounting methods, the diversification of market-oriented pathways, and the improvement of institutional systems, to resolve the “triple dilemma” of applying digital technology, enhancing the value chain, and facilitating participation in global ecological governance. This study not only provides an integrated analytical framework for deepening the theory of value realization of forest ecological products, thereby fostering dialogue between academic research and policy practice, but it also offers theoretical references and practical guidance for China to optimize ecological compensation mechanisms and enhance the value of forest ecosystem services during the 15th Five-Year Plan period.

Accurately calculating the value of water ecological products and the water ecological product supply efficiency (WEPSE) is of great significance in promoting the coordinated balance between ecological protection and economic and social development in a basin, and for enhancing the overall sustainable development capacity of the region. Based on calculations of the value of water ecological products in 184 administrative villages in Qingpu District of Shanghai in 2023, the improved entropy weight DEA model was used to evaluate WEPSE, and the GWR model was used to explore the influencing factors. The following results were obtained. The WEPSE values showed spatial heterogeneity, with a range of variation in Qingpu District in 2023 of [0.497, 1.000] and a decreasing trend from west to east. The overall difference in WEPSE was 0.195. The interregional contribution rate (49.205%) was stronger than either the intraregional contribution rate (26.869%) or the S.V.D contribution rate (23.926%), so it was the main source contributing to the spatial differentiation of WEPSE. The economic factors and social factors were stronger than the livelihood capital factors in the WEPSE variations in Qingpu District. The influencing factors positively correlated with WEPSE were human capital (HC), urbanization rate (UR), agricultural GDP per unit area (AGPA) and Engel coefficient (EG) in sequence. The influencing factors negatively correlated with WEPSE were disposable income (PE) and industrialization degree (ID) in sequence.