High-precision models enable the visualization of spatiotemporal patterns of soil microorganisms in the Qinghai- Xizang Plateau, a region highly sensitive to global change. However, large-scale, high-resolution data on soil bacterial and fungal communities, particularly in relation to the ecological impacts of fencing, remains relatively scarce, thereby limiting studies on the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of soil fungi and bacteria. This study constructed models of soil fungal and bacterial abundance and α-diversity (total abundance, major phylum abundance, primary functional group abundance, and species/phylogenetic/functional α-diversity) in the alpine grasslands of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, based on observational data and utilizing the random forest method. Under fencing conditions, the variations in soil fungal and bacterial abundance and α-diversity were collectively explained by temperature, precipitation, and radiation, accounting for 46%-88% of the variation; while under grazing conditions, the inclusion of NDVI allowed these four factors to explain 47%-92% of the variation. The relative biases between simulated and observed values for fungal and bacterial abundance and α-diversity were lower than 10.83%, and the simulated values explained the variation in observed values ranging from 75% to 100%. The slopes of the linear regressions between observed and simulated values ranged between 0.81 and 1.00. Consequently, the random forest models constructed in this study demonstrated high accuracy and they can predicted the total abundance, major phylum abundance, primary functional group abundance, and α-diversity of soil microorganisms in alpine grasslands. These models can serve as a robust foundation for future related research.

This study investigates the adaptation capability of local indigenous communities and the obstacles to adaptation based on the ecosystem in the Kaptai Lake area in Bangladesh. The study is based on a semi- structured questionnaire survey among the purposively selected 150 respondents from the indigenous communities in three villages in the study area. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) has been facilitated among the community leaders. The study identifies that ecosystem services are assessed on the socio-cultural dimension, behavioral compliance with management and policies, benefits from ecosystem services, conservation approaches, and sustainability evaluation. The respondents feel they benefited from the ecosystem in agriculture, fishing, small businesses, and tourism activities. The respondents emphasize several initiatives such as forest conservation, reducing illegal housing and deforestation, community participation, indigenous knowledge, diversified agriculture, and business activities. The FGD suggests sustainable agriculture, medical plant cultivation, ecotourism development, freshwater management, and reduced emissions. Several initiatives, such as benefits, regulation, preservation and adaptation, decision-making, and Indigenous knowledge, are essential for the adaptation capabilities of Indigenous communities based on ecosystem services. The study recommends natural ecosystems, protection of livelihoods, community participation, and investment in sustainable ecosystem services for ensuring the economic, social, and environmental well-being of indigenous communities.

Objectives: To investigate the diversity and community composition of endophytes in Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying. Methods: S. hexandrum samples (n=15) were collected at five sites on the Tibetan Plateau. High quality sequences from high-throughput sequencing were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by Clustering and Classification Inference with U-Statistics, and the OTUs were further divided into different genera according to Ribosomal Database Project classification. Alpha and beta diversity analyses were conducted to explore community diversity and composition. Results: A total of 1221 OTUs were obtained, representing 133 genera (with 98 specific to genus). The QJ and XH sampling sites had the most (n=67) and fewest (n=36) genera, respectively. The dominant fungi at the DT, LD, QJ and XH sites were Ascomycota, while the dominant fungi at the BX site were Basidiomycota. Tetracladium, Exophiala and Pseudogymnoascus showed obvious host preference in all samples. The dominant fungi in the three provinces were Tetracladium, Penicillium, and Cantharellales, respectively. The Shannon-Weiner diversity indices of the 15 samples ranged from 0.48 to 3.10. Endophytic fungi were clustered into three branches based on geographical location. Conclusion: Our findings provide a research basis for the exploitation and utilization of national medicinal plants with abundant microbial resources.

Avian brood parasitism constitutes a classical model for studying coevolution. The discovery and reporting of cuckoo parasitism on various new hosts contribute to a deeper comprehension of the coevolutionary relationships between these parasites and their hosts. This study involved field monitoring of the black-browed reed warbler (Acrocephalus bistrigiceps, BRW) in a reed wetland of northeast China during the breeding seasons for 13 consecutive years (2012-2024). A total of 677 BRW nests were monitored, and only three cases of cuckoo parasitism were detected, for a parasitism rate of 0.44%. An egg recognition experiment indicated that the BRW possesses a relatively strong egg recognition ability and can effectively reject foreign parasitic eggs. The color characteristics of common cuckoo and BRW eggs are considerably different. Through the analysis and comparison of egg color spectra between cuckoo and warbler eggs, combined with the field cuckoo parasitism rate and egg recognition ability of warblers, we concluded that the BRW is not a commonly used host for the common cuckoo.