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Journal of Resources and Ecology >

2025 , Vol. 16 >Issue 4: 1089 - 1102

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2025.04.014

Special Column: Ecotourism and Rural Revitalization

The Coupling Coordinated Relationship between High-quality Tourism Development and Common Prosperity in the Yellow River Basin

  • WANG Ziyan , 1 ,
  • NIU Liqin , 2, * ,
  • CHENG Zhanhong 1
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  • 1. School of Cultural Tourism, Journalism and Art, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2. School of Resources and Environment, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
*NIU Liqin, E-mail:

WANG Ziyan, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-09-02

  Accepted date: 2025-01-10

  Online published: 2025-08-05

Supported by

The Shanxi Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(2023YJ082)

The Teaching Reform Project of Graduate Education in Shanxi Province(2024JG117)

The Special Project for Science and Technology Strategy Research of Shanxi Province(202404030401151)

The Fujian Social Science Fund Project(FJ2025C170)

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Abstract

This study explores the coordination mechanism between high-quality development and common prosperity in the tourism sector. Using methods such as the entropy weight TOPSIS method, coupling coordination model, kernel density, Dagum Gini coefficient, and decomposition analysis, the study empirically examines the spatio-temporal evolution of the coupled and coordinated relationship between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2019. The results show that both the levels of high-quality development and common prosperity in tourism increased during the research period, with common prosperity generally outpacing high-quality tourism development. Both indicators exhibit notable spatial heterogeneity. The coupling and coordination between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity has steadily improved, with a lagging pattern in high-quality tourism development as the predominant type. Furthermore, kernel density analysis reveals that the coupling and coordination level between the two systems has increased, while regional disparities have diminished. The overall Gini coefficient of the coupling coordination degree between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity fluctuates downward, with regional differences identified as the primary source of variation

Key words： high-quality development of tourism; common prosperity; coupled coordination model; Kernel density estimation; Dagum Gini coefficient; Yellow River Basin

Cite this article

WANG Ziyan , NIU Liqin , CHENG Zhanhong . The Coupling Coordinated Relationship between High-quality Tourism Development and Common Prosperity in the Yellow River Basin[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2025 , 16(4) : 1089 -1102 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2025.04.014

1 Introduction

Common prosperity for all people is a fundamental requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics (Wei and Huang, 2024) and a core feature of Chinese-style modernization. In the new era, significant strides have been made toward promoting common prosperity. However, challenges remain, including a widening income gap, inadequate essential public services, and the need for further improvements in spiritual civilization construction (Chang et al., 2023). These issues must be gradually addressed through high-quality development. High-quality development is the primary goal of socialist modernization (Liu and Liu, 2022). In 2012, the Chinese government noted that socialism with Chinese characteristics had entered a new era, and in 2020, it further stated that China had entered a new stage of development. Based on this new development stage, implementing the new development concept, building a new development pattern, and promoting high-quality development are crucial strategic decisions for China’s economic and social progress (Wang, 2020). As an emerging strategic pillar industry, promoting the high-quality development of tourism is not only a timely response to the demand for quality development in the tourism sector, but also a critical requirement for enhancing the comprehensive functions of the tourism industry itself (Tian, 2024). The Yellow River Basin, a key economic and ecological region in China, plays an essential role in ecological protection and the promotion of high-quality economic development. As such, it represents a pressing issue both now and in the foreseeable future. The concept of “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (Wang et al., 2023) reflects the critical role that tourism, as a strategic pillar industry, can play in both ecological conservation and the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. In this way, tourism can contribute to achieving the overarching goal of common prosperity.
The term high-quality tourism development and common prosperity are both unique terms based on China’s national conditions (Xu and Wang, 2024). As research on these topics deepens, the academic community has engaged in extensive discussions on high-quality tourism development, common prosperity, and the relationship between them, providing a solid foundation for this study. 1) Foreign research on high-quality tourism development primarily focuses on its impact on promoting economic growth (Liu and Yang, 2017), fostering regional coordinated development (Lasanta et al., 2007), and improving public health (Irmgard, 2017). In contrast, research on the high-quality development of tourism in China tends to concentrate on the interpretation of its connotations, level measurement, influencing factors, and realization pathways. In terms of connotation interpretation, the concept of high-quality tourism development is typically understood through high-quality development theory (Zhang et al., 2020), the coordinated development of the ecological economy (Yu et al., 2020), and sustainable development (Zhang and Yang, 2022). Regarding level measurement, the evaluation index system for high-quality tourism development is primarily based on the new development concept, using methods such as the entropy weight TOPSIS approach (Li and Xia, 2021), subjective-objective combination evaluation, and other techniques to measure development at different scales, including provincial (Guo and Li, 2024), urban agglomerations (Xu and Wang, 2024), and municipal levels (Tian, 2024). With the quantification of high-quality tourism development, research into its influencing factors and realization pathways has expanded. Key influencing factors include digital transformation (Shi and He, 2024) and tourism industry agglomeration (Yao et al., 2024). In terms of improvement paths,
scholars have proposed various strategies, such as optimizing resource development models and stimulating consumption potential (Wang, 2024), along with developing new quality productivity force (Li et al., 2024c; Wang et al., 2024b). 2) As a fundamental requirement of socialism, common prosperity has garnered widespread attention in academic circles. Research on common prosperity has primarily focused on its conceptual connotations, development level measurement, and realization pathways. Scholars have explored the theoretical, historical, and practical foundations of common prosperity from various disciplines, including political economy (Ma and Jiang, 2024) and systematic philosophy (Li, 2025), and from different perspectives, such as the outcomes and processes involved in achieving common prosperity (Wu and Cheng, 2021). This ongoing research has continually enriched and refined the concept of common prosperity. Regarding the measurement of common prosperity development levels, most studies begin by examining its theoretical connotations (Liu et al., 2021), measuring its level through the construction of comprehensive indices based on the dimensions of “sharing” and “wealth” (Zhang and Wu, 2023). Other scholars have developed measurement formulas (Xi et al., 2022). Studies on common prosperity span various scales, including provincial (Zhong et al., 2023), city (Peng et al., 2023), and county levels (Tong et al., 2023). Some scholars also focus on practical issues, proposing pathways for achieving common prosperity by promoting high-quality development (Xu and Zheng, 2022), advancing new urbanization (Sun et al., 2022b), and addressing other challenges. 3) Research on the relationship between tourism development and common prosperity has been conducted from several perspectives. Some studies focus on how the development of tourism resources can promote shared prosperity (Ma and Zhao, 2024), while others explore the integration of culture and tourism (Peng et al., 2024). Another strand of research examines the development and creative transformation of tourism resources from the perspective of common prosperity (Sun et al., 2023). The research methods employed in these studies are multidisciplinary, including spatial econometric modeling (Tang and Shan, 2024) and system dynamics (Yin and Huang, 2024).
The current academic research on high-quality tourism development, common prosperity, and their relationship provides valuable references for this study. However, there are still some limitations. First, much of the existing research is unidirectional in nature, with limited exploration of the interaction and coordination between these two concepts. Second, in terms of indicator measurement, the measurement of high-quality tourism development predominantly focuses on the five new development philosophies, without adequately considering the development base of the tourism industry itself. Similarly, while the measurement of common prosperity often addresses material and spiritual dimensions, it tends to overlook the social and ecological aspects.
This study selects the Yellow River Basin as the case site and covers the period from 2011 to 2019. The research aims to reveal the interactive mechanism between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity. To achieve this, an evaluation index system for both tourism high- quality development and common prosperity is constructed. The entropy weight TOPSIS method is then applied to measure the comprehensive index of both, followed by an exploration of their spatio-temporal evolution using ArcGIS visualization. Based on this, the coupling coordination level between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity is assessed using the coupling coordination degree model. The coupling coordination is further divided into subclasses to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of the coupling coordination level throughout the study period. Additionally, kernel density analysis is employed to explore the dynamic evolution of the coupling coordination level. Finally, the Dagum Gini coefficient is utilized to identify the sources of regional differences. Differentiation strategies are proposed to clarify the current state of coordinated development between high-quality tourism and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin. These strategies aim to promote the coordination of the two, thereby contributing to the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. The results will enrich theoretical research on the interactive relationship between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity, while also providing theoretical support and decision-making references for fostering a positive interaction between the two.

2 Mechanism of coupling and coordination between high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity

Based on the new development stage, the high-quality development of tourism represents the application and practice of the new development philosophy in the tourism sector. It refers to the comprehensive enhancement and coordinated development of the economic, social, ecological, and cultural benefits of the tourism industry, achieved through innovation-driven strategies, coordinated development, and open sharing, all under the premise of ecological environmental protection (Hu et al., 2022). Common prosperity, represents the collective prosperity of all people. It is not only an economic issue but also encompasses spiritual wealth, ecological sustainability, and other dimensions. Common prosperity is a form of comprehensive wealth that seeks to gradually improve the living standards of all, emphasizing not only the expansion of the economic “pie” but also a fairer distribution (Liu et al., 2021). The high-quality development of tourism contributes to Chinese-style modernization (Bai et al., 2024), while common prosperity is an essential feature of this modernization process (Wei and Huang, 2024). Both concepts serve to promote economic growth, political stability, cultural prosperity, and ecological sustainability. Therefore, it can be concluded that the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity are complementary and mutually reinforcing components of an organic unity (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Mechanism of coupling and coordination between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity
The high-quality development of tourism plays a crucial role in achieving the goal of common prosperity. As a powerful engine, it drives the realization of common prosperity through two dimensions: making the tourism industry “bigger” and making it “better”. By expanding the size and improving the quality of the tourism industry, it can strengthen the economic foundation, enrich spiritual and cultural life, provide ecological products, and reduce regional and urban-rural disparities, all of which contribute to the promotion of common prosperity. 1) By making the tourism industry “bigger”, high-quality tourism development can optimize regional industrial structures, stimulate local tourism economies, and provide a solid economic foundation for common prosperity. Additionally, the tourism industry can create employment opportunities and accelerate the free flow of factors (Janta et al., 2012), thereby reducing regional disparities and enhancing wealth distribution. 2) By making the tourism industry “better”, high-quality tourism development can further promote common prosperity. By focusing on innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing, tourism development can enhance industry efficiency and quality, thus increasing the material base. Coordinated development helps optimize economic structures and ensures stable economic growth, while green tourism fosters the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. A healthy ecological environment is integral to the well-being of people, thus supporting ecological prosperity. Open tourism development attracts foreign investment and high-quality talent, providing both economic and human resources for common prosperity, through shared development, tourism can improve the equity of prosperity (Yang, 2020), enhance the accessibility and convenience of tourist destinations, and contribute to the realization of spiritual wealth.
Improving the level of common prosperity contributes significantly to promoting the high-quality development of tourism. Common prosperity primarily influences tourism development through two dimensions: “common” and “prosperity”. The “common” dimension promotes high- quality tourism development through the sharing of wealth, while the “prosperity” dimension drives tourism growth across three aspects: material prosperity, spiritual prosperity, and ecological prosperity. 1) In terms of the “common” dimension, sharing prosperity helps reduce regional and urban-rural gaps, stimulating tourism consumption demand. As the wealth is distributed more evenly, tourism demand increases, which, in turn, boosts the development of the tourism industry. Furthermore, the overall development of regions creates favorable conditions for the high-quality development of tourism. 2) Material prosperity provides the economic foundation for high-quality tourism development.
With an improved level of common prosperity, consumer spending rises, further stimulating tourism demand and driving mass tourism. Additionally, the economic growth associated with common prosperity enhances the infrastructure and essential conditions needed for the development of tourism, making it easier to construct tourism facilities, which is crucial for the high-quality development of the industry. 3) Spiritual prosperity plays a significant role in driving high-quality tourism development from the demand side. As living standards improve, tourism, as a means of fulfilling people’s aspirations for a better life, needs to adapt to these evolving desires by engaging in supply-side structural reforms. This involves continuously enhancing the supply capacity of high-quality products to meet the diverse needs of the people. Moreover, the context of spiritual prosperity encourages the deep integration of cultural and tourism sectors, which aligns with the goals of high-quality tourism development. 4) Ecological prosperity provides the foundation for sustainable tourism development. A healthy ecological environment is essential for the growth of the tourism sector, and ecological protection is key to achieving high-quality tourism. The rational use of resources and environmental preservation are prerequisites for sustainable tourism, exemplifying the principle of “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”. From this perspective, the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity are mutually reinforcing. By fostering a positive interactive relationship between the two, we can amplify their combined effects and promote long-term economic and social development.

3 Overview of the study area and data sources

3.1 Overview of the study area

The Yellow River originates from the northern foot of Bayan Har Mountain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and flows through nine provinces and autonomous regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, and Shandong. It has a total length of 5464 km and a drainage area of 795000 km2, covering three major economic belts, spanning four central geomorphic units, and several important ecological functional areas. The Yellow River is also one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization. As an essential economic belt, ecological barrier, and birthplace of Chinese civilization, the Yellow River Basin holds significant importance in promoting the goal of common prosperity. This is vital for fostering coordinated development in the region, achieving harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, and enhancing national cohesion. However, challenges such as fragile ecosystems and insufficient development of people’s livelihoods still hinder the pace of common prosperity (Zhao et al., 2024). Tourism, as a livelihood and happiness industry, is a comprehensive sector that optimizes economic structures, protects the ecological environment, and promotes cultural prosperity and development. The Yellow River Basin, with its unique natural and cultural tourism resources (Han et al., 2024), deeply taps into the potential of various types of tourism, promoting the high-quality development of the tourism industry. This approach is a positive exploration toward achieving common prosperity and fostering high-quality development. It can be said that the Yellow River Basin is a crucial area for promoting the coordinated advancement of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity. Therefore, selecting the Yellow River Basin as a case study for exploring the development levels of high-quality tourism, common prosperity, and the coupling and coordination between the two is both necessary and representative (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Schematic representation of the study area

3.2 Construction of the indicator system

Based on the above definition of the connotation of high- quality tourism development and common prosperity, this study constructs an evaluation index system for the high- quality development of tourism and common prosperity from two dimensions: “bigger and better” and “common and prosperity” (Table 1).
Table 1 Indicator system for evaluating the development level of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity
Subsystem Target layer Criterion layer Specific indicators
High-quality development
of tourism		 Bigger
level		 The scale of the tourism industry Domestic tourism revenue, domestic tourist arrivals, passenger turnover
Essential reception capacity Number of star-rated hotels, business income, the number of travel agencies
Richness of tourism resources Number of museums, the number of scenic spots above grade A
Better
level		 Innovation Number of tourism colleges
Coordinate Coordinated development level of the tourism industry (proportion of the tourism industry in the tertiary industry)
Green Level of environmental pollution control in the tourism industry (total tourism income/GDP×investment in environmental pollution)
Open Regional reception for immigration overnight tourists, international tourism foreign exchange income
Share Number of tourism employees, per capita tourism income by regions
Common
prosperity
Common level		 The sharing of prosperity Level of Basic public service-medical and health care (health care pointed out as a proportion of GDP, number of medical and health institutions, number of beds in medical and health institutions per 1000 people, number of health technicians per 1000 people);
The employment situation (number of people in employment, rate of registered unemployment in cities and towns);
Elderly care (child and adolescent dependency ratio, elderly dependency ratio, total dependency ratio);
Social security (social security expenditures as a share of GDP, local fiscal expenditures on housing security);
Infrastructure construction (urban water supply penetration rate, number of public vehicles per 10000 people, Internet broadband access ports, Internet broadband access subscribers)
Differences in prosperity Thiel index of urban-rural consumption gap, Thiel index of urban-rural income gap, urbanization rate
Prosperity level Material prosperity Income and consumption level (per capita disposable income of residents, per capita GDP, private car ownership, total retail sales of consumer goods)
Spiritual prosperity Level of education (number of students in higher education); cultural construction (financial investment in education per 100000 per capita, proportion of financial expenditure on culture and sports, number of museums)
Ecological prosperity Ecological environment management (green coverage rate of built-up areas, per capita park green space area, proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure, forest coverage rate, harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage, number of public toilets per 10000 people)
(1) Evaluation index system of high-quality development of tourism. Referring to the existing literature and considering data availability, the scale of the tourism industry at a large-scale level is characterized by indicators such as domestic tourism revenue, domestic tourist arrivals (Wang et al., 2024a), and tourist turnover. The essential reception capacity is reflected through indicators like the number of star-rated hotels, business income, and the number of travel agencies (Sun et al., 2022a). The richness of tourism resources is measured by the number of museums (Zhang and Fang, 2024) and the number of Grade A scenic spots (Li et al., 2024b). For the “better” level, the evaluation is based on five new development philosophies. Indicators in this dimension include the number of tourism professional colleges, the coordinated development level of the tourism industry (Wu et al., 2023), the level of environmental pollution control within the tourism industry, the regional reception capacity for overnight immigrant tourists, international tourism foreign exchange income (Liu et al., 2022), the number of tourism employees, and per capita tourism income for each region (Zhou et al., 2023). These indicators collectively represent the development level of high-quality tourism development across the dimensions of innovation, coordination, sustainability, openness, and inclusiveness.
(2) Common prosperity evaluation index system. Drawing on existing research and the perspectives of Di Tella et al. (2003), Anna (2019), Li and Yu (2022), and others, and considering the scientific nature of the indicators and data availability, this study constructs an evaluation index system to measure the development level of common prosperity. The system includes five key dimensions: Sharing and difference, material prosperity, spiritual prosperity, and ecological prosperity. The details are as follows: For the sharing level of wealth, we refer to the “Fourteenth Five-Year Public Service Plan” and Peng et al. (2024) to construct indicators that measure the level of essential public services, including healthcare, employment, elderly care, social security, and infrastructure development. To measure the difference in prosperity, we use the urbanization rate, urban-rural income gap, and the consumption gap Thiel index (Fang et al., 2024). The material wealth level is characterized by income and consumption levels (Zhao et al., 2024). The spiritual prosperity level is measured by indicators of educational and cultural development (Chen et al., 2024; Li et al., 2024a) and ecological prosperity (Sandhu and Sandhu, 2014) is assessed using indicators related to ecological environmental management (Ruan and Zheng, 2024).

3.3 Research methods

3.3.1 Entropy weight TOPSIS method

The TOPSIS method, commonly used in multi-objective decision analysis, is also known as the superior and inferior solution distance method. In this study, the entropy weight TOPSIS method is applied to measure both the high-quality tourism development level and the common prosperity development level in the Yellow River Basin. This approach helps avoid errors that may arise from subjective assignment methods. The specific methodology is detailed in the literature (Qin and Sun, 2023).

3.3.2 Coupled coordination model

The degree of coupled coordination, also known as the coordinated development degree, measures the interrelationship between subsystems. It has been widely applied in empirical research on multi-scale and system coupling development across various domains such as the economy, society, agriculture, and industry. In this study, the coupling coordination degree model is used to measure the coupling and coordination between the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin (Wang et al., 2022). Additionally, the relative development degree model is employed to assess the relative development levels of the two systems (Shao and Leng, 2022). The coupling degree is classified into five stages (Table 2), the coupling coordination degree into ten types (Table 3), and the relative development degree into three major types with nine subtypes (Table 4).
Table 2 Criteria for classifying stages of coupled development
Coupling
degree rating		 Coupling degree
value (C)		 Coupling development stage Coupling
degree rating		 Coupling degree
value (C)		 Coupling development stage
1 C=0 Disorderly development stage 4 0.5<C≤0.8 Running-in stage
2 0<C≤0.3 Low-level coupling stage 5 0.8<C≤1 High-level coupling stage
3 0.3<C≤0.5 Antagonistic stage
Table 3 Classification criteria for the coupling coordination degree
Coupling
coordination grade		 Coupling coordination values (D) Coupling coordination
type		 Coupling
coordination grade		 Coupling coordination
value (D)		 Coupling coordination type
1 [0, 0.100] Extreme disorder 6 (0.500, 0.600] Minimum coordination
2 (0.100, 0.200] Severe disorder 7 (0.600, 0.700] Primary coordination
3 (0.200, 0.300] Moderate disorder 8 (0.700, 0.800] Intermediate coordination
4 (0.300, 0.400] Mild disorder 9 (0.800, 0.900] Good coordination
5 (0.400, 0.500] On the verge of disorder 10 (0.900, 1.000] Quality coordination
Table 4 Classification criteria for relative development
Coupling coordination
value (D)		 Maior type Relative development index Subtypes
[0, 0.500] Disorder zone
(M)		 U(t)-U(c)>0.1 Common prosperity development lag-type disorder (M1)
|U(t)-U(c)|≤0.1 High-quality development of tourism and common prosperity development of co-loss type disorder (M2)
U(t)-U(c)<-0.1 High-quality development of tourism lag-type disorder (M3)
(0.500, 0.800] Transition zone
(T)		 U(t)-U(c)>0.1 Common prosperity development lag-type transition (T1)
|U(t)-U(c)|≤0.1 High-quality development of tourism and common prosperity co-development type transition (T2)
U(t)-U(c)<-0.1 High-quality development of tourism lag-type transition (T3)
(0.800, 1.000] Coordination zone
(C)		 U(t)-U(c)>0.1 Common prosperity development lag-type coordination (C1)
|U(t)-U(c)|≤0.1 High-quality development of tourism and common prosperity co-prosperity type coordination (C2)
U(t)-U(c)<-0.1 High-quality development of tourism lag-type coordination (C3)

3.3.3 Kernel density estimation

Kernel density estimation can reveal the shape of a distribution and assist in identifying outliers. In this study, the kernel density model is applied to analyze the temporal evolution of the coupled coordination degree between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity.

3.4 Data sources and processing

Since some indicators were only included in statistics starting in 2011, and considering that the tourism industry is highly sensitive to environmental factors, there are significant data gaps. To minimize the distortion caused by this lack of data, this study selected the period from 2011 to 2019 as the research timeframe. The nine provinces (autonomous regions) in the Yellow River Basin were used as the evaluation units. The raw data for high-quality tourism development were primarily sourced from the China Tourism Statistical Yearbook and the China Culture and Tourism Statistical Yearbook. Data on environmental pollution-related indicators were obtained from the China Urban Statistical Yearbook and the China Environmental Statistical Yearbook. Data on common prosperity and development were mainly derived from the China Statistical Yearbook. Any missing data were filled using linear interpolation. The Thiel index for the urban-rural income gap was adapted from Xu and Jiang (2015), while the Thiel index for the urban-rural consumption gap was calculated by weighting the average of urban-rural income shares (Sun and Rui, 2024).

4 Results analysis

4.1 Temporal and spatial evolution of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity development level

The development level of common prosperity for three time points: 2011, 2015, and 2019. Based on the magnitude of the comprehensive index values and the principle of maximizing the differences between the data (Ma and Tang, 2024), the levels of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity are classified into five categories: extremely low-value area [0.000,0.200], relatively low-value area (0.200, 0.400], median value area (0.400, 0.600], relatively high-value area (0.600, 0.800], and extremely high-value area (0.800, 1.000] (Figure 3). Overall, the comprehensive indices for both the high-quality development of tourism and the common prosperity system show an upward trend. The average comprehensive index for common prosperity development (0.348) is higher than that for high-quality tourism development (0.313). However, the growth rate of the comprehensive index for tourism high-quality development (115.608%) is faster than that for common prosperity development (92.594%).
Figure 3 Spatio-temporal evolution of the comprehensive index of high-quality tourism development and common wealth development level in the Yellow River Basin
From the perspective of the high-quality development level of tourism, the overall level of high-quality tourism development in the Yellow River Basin was low in 2011, with significant spatial differences. Specifically, the extremely low-value areas (Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia) were distributed in bands, while the downstream areas (Henan and Shandong) exhibited higher levels of high-quality tourism development. By 2015, the overall high-quality tourism development level had improved. Shaanxi shifted from an extremely low-value area to a relatively low-value area, the proportion of extremely low-value areas decreased, and Shandong (0.485) moved into the median value area. In 2019, the high-quality development level of tourism continued to improve, and spatial heterogeneity increased. In the upstream region, only Inner Mongolia was in the relatively low-value area, while the rest of the provinces still remain in the extremely low-value area. Shandong’s high-quality tourism development level (0.613) entered the relatively high-value stage.
Judging from the comprehensive index of common prosperity development, in 2011, except for Gansu (0.185) and Ningxia (0.194), which were outside the extremely low- value area and became the “collapse zone” of common prosperity, the rest of the provinces were in the relatively low-value area. In 2015, although the relatively low-value area remained the dominant category, its proportion expanded further, accounting for 88.889%. Among them, Ningxia (0.270) had the lowest level of common prosperity, while Shandong’s level of common prosperity entered the median value area (0.478), becoming the highest in the region. By 2019, the development level of common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin had further improved, with the proportion of the relatively low-value area decreasing to 44.444%. The proportion of both the median value area and the relatively high-value area increased by 44.444% and 11.111%, respectively. Shandong’s common prosperity index remained the highest, while Shanxi, and the upstream regions of Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia, remained in the relatively low-value area. The growth rate of common prosperity was relatively faster in the relatively high-value and median value areas, such as Henan and Sichuan.

4.2 Spatial and temporal evolution of the coupled coordination degree of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity

4.2.1 Spatio and temporal evolution pattern of coupling degree

As for the coupling degree (Table 5), from 2011 to 2019, the level of coupling between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin was relatively high, showing an overall upward trend from 0.832 to 0.913, with a growth rate of 9.736%. This indicates that the coupling degree remained in the stage of high-level coupling throughout the period.
Table 5 Coupling degree of high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity
Year Shanxi Shaanxi Henan Shandong Qinghai Sichuan Gansu Ningxia Inner Mongolia
2011 0.972 0.984 0.998 0.999 0.428 0.988 0.888 0.296 0.938
2012 0.979 0.988 0.998 1.000 0.450 0.992 0.893 0.348 0.938
2013 0.961 0.979 0.988 0.998 0.509 0.986 0.873 0.375 0.930
2014 0.959 0.986 0.985 0.999 0.571 0.991 0.886 0.392 0.935
2015 0.958 0.991 0.982 1.000 0.611 0.995 0.893 0.419 0.959
2016 0.979 1.000 0.986 1.000 0.635 0.995 0.889 0.460 0.967
2017 0.985 0.998 0.985 0.998 0.705 0.998 0.917 0.557 0.955
2018 0.989 0.999 0.979 0.999 0.704 0.991 0.930 0.539 0.964
2019 0.994 1.000 0.982 0.997 0.745 0.996 0.936 0.599 0.971
In terms of provinces, except for Ningxia (0.443) and Qinghai (0.595), the average coupling degree between high- quality tourism development and common prosperity in the other provinces is above 0.900, with Shandong (0.999) having the highest average coupling degree. Regarding the growth rate, although Ningxia and Qinghai have relatively low coupling degrees, their growth rates far outpace those of other regions, at 102.365% and 74.065%, respectively. Except for Henan (-1.603%) and Shandong (-0.200%), where the coupling degree slightly decreased, all other provinces showed an improving trend. By 2019, Ningxia (0.599) and Qinghai (0.745) were in the “running-in” stage of high- quality tourism development and common prosperity, while the other provinces had reached the stage of high-level coupling.

4.2.2 Spatio-temporal evolution pattern of coupled coordination degree

In terms of coupling coordination degree (Figure 4a), from 2011 to 2019, the coupling coordination degree between the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin steadily increased from 0.389 to 0.592, with an average coordination degree of 0.489, representing a growth rate of 52.185%. Overall, the degree of coupling coordination remained on the verge of disorder. The coupling coordination degree increased from the “mild disorder” stage (0.398) in 2011 to the “verge of disorder” (0.422-0.483) from 2012 to 2015. After 2015, it entered the “minimum coordinated” stage and reached the highest coupling coordination degree (0.592) in 2019. This indicates that the coupling coordination level between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin evolved to a higher level. The evolution of the coupling coordination types had 2013 as a watershed, with the “severe disorder” type disappearing and the “minimum coordinated” type becoming dominant. Overall, the coupled and coordinated development of high- quality tourism and common prosperity presents a structure of “fewer at the bottom, more in the middle, and at both ends”.
Figure 4 Coupling coordination index and sub-ypes of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity
In terms of provinces (Figure 4a), except for Ningxia (0.249) and Qinghai (0.312), the average coupling coordination degree between high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity in other provinces is above 0.400. Among these, Shandong (0.710) and Sichuan (0.602) have the highest average coupling coordination degrees, falling into the intermediate coordination and primary coordination stages, respectively. In contrast, Ningxia (0.249) and Qinghai (0.312) exhibit the lowest levels of coupling coordination, indicating a “depression” in coordinated development. In the coordination stage, Shandong accounted for the largest proportion, with an obvious advantage in the coordinated interaction between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity. Consequently, it has become the “leader” in promoting the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin. This could be attributed to Shandong’s successful development of high- quality tourism destinations over the past decade and its active implementation of a global tourism development strategy. Additionally, as a major economic province on the eastern coast, Shandong has made significant progress in coordinating urban and rural development and achieving remarkable results in high-quality economic development, leading to its highest degree of coupling and coordination.
In terms of coupling coordination type (Figure 4b), the coupling coordination sub-types of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin changed significantly from 2011 to 2019. The main types were the high-quality development of tourism lag-type disorder (M3) and the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity co-development type transition (T2), accounting for 38.272% and 30.864%, respectively. Over time, the coupling coordination sub-type gradually shifted from the high-quality development of tourism lagging type disorder to the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity co-development type transition. From the perspective of temporal evolution, during the mild disorder stage (2011), the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity development co-loss type disorder (M2) and the high-quality development of tourism lag-type disorder (M3) were the primary types, each accounting for 44.444%. In the verge of disorder stage (2012-2015), the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity co-loss type disorder (M2) decreased and disappeared after 2013, while the high-quality development of tourism lag-type disorder (M3) became the dominant type, accounting for 55.556%. In the minimum coordinated stage (2016-2019), both the high-quality development of tourism lag-type disorder (M3) and the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity co-development type transition (T2) emerged as the primary types, with the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity co-prosperity type coordination (C2) also appearing. Throughout the entire study period, the high-quality development of tourism lag-type disorder (M3) remained the dominant type.

4.3 Kernel density analysis of coupling coordination degree

To better explore the time-series evolution characteristics of the coupling coordination degree between the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin, kernel density estimation is used to analyze the overall kernel density curve for 2011, 2015, and 2019 (Figure 5). From the distribution position, the kernel density curve shifts to the right, indicating that the coupling and coordination level between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin show an overall upward trend. Regarding the distribution pattern, the height of the kernel density curve decreases, suggesting that regional disparities are narrowing. Regarding the distribution’s extensibility, the overall kernel density curve for the Yellow River Basin does not exhibit a prominent elongated right tail, meaning that provinces with lower relative coordination degrees have a higher growth rate, and the gap between provinces with higher coupling coordination degrees is gradually narrowing. In terms of polarization, 2011 showed a less pronounced bimodal peak, while 2015 and 2019 showed a single peak, indicating a weakening polarization phenomenon.
Figure 5 Kernel density analysis of coupling coordination degree between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity

4.4 Regional differences and sources of coupling coordination degree

To further clarify the spatial differences and their causes regarding the coupling and coordination degree between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin, this study applies the Dagum Gini coefficient method for further decomposition and calculation (Table 6). From 2011 to 2019, the overall difference in the coupling and coordination level between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity fluctuated, with a decrease of 20.225%.
Table 6 Gini coefficient decomposition of the coupling and coordination level of high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity
Year Overall Gini coefficient Regional differences Inter-regional differences Contribution rate (%)
Upstream region Downstream
region		 Midstream Up-
Down		 Up-
Middle		 Middle-
Down		 Intra-regional difference Inter-regional
differences		 Hyper-viscous density
2011 0.178 0.192 0.052 0.032 0.256 0.173 0.118 30.157 65.941 3.902
2012 0.175 0.192 0.054 0.035 0.251 0.174 0.109 30.683 65.117 4.200
2013 0.163 0.180 0.052 0.037 0.230 0.163 0.095 31.703 63.129 5.168
2014 0.162 0.176 0.052 0.046 0.227 0.158 0.103 31.869 61.892 6.240
2015 0.156 0.170 0.052 0.051 0.215 0.152 0.103 32.520 60.501 6.979
2016 0.157 0.171 0.047 0.048 0.220 0.160 0.091 31.770 63.043 5.186
2017 0.151 0.155 0.056 0.046 0.216 0.141 0.115 31.079 61.353 7.568
2018 0.155 0.161 0.051 0.033 0.224 0.144 0.116 30.503 63.510 5.986
2019 0.142 0.154 0.037 0.029 0.201 0.143 0.090 31.395 61.427 7.178
Mean 0.160 0.172 0.050 0.040 0.227 0.156 0.104 31.298 62.879 5.823
From the perspective of intra-regional differences, from 2011 to 2019, the internal differences in the coupling and coordination level of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity were the largest in the upstream region, followed by the downstream region, with the smallest differences found in the midstream region. This may be due to the significant variation in coupling coordination types within the upstream region. The average coupling coordination value during the study period was 0.602 in Sichuan, while the provinces of Ningxia (0.249), Qinghai (0.312), Gansu (0.413), and Inner Mongolia (0.483) were in the dysfunctional stage. Regarding time evolution, internal differences in the regions decreased from 2011 to 2019. Specifically, the upstream region decreased from 0.192 to 0.154, the midstream region from 0.032 to 0.029, and the downstream region from 0.052 to 0.037. Regarding the rate of decline, the downstream region experienced the most significant reduction (28.846%), while the midstream region saw the lowest decline (9.375%).
From the perspective of inter-regional differences, the gap between the upstream and downstream regions is the largest (0.227), while the difference between the midstream and downstream regions is the smallest (0.104). In terms of the time evolution trend, the disparity in the coupling and coordination levels of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity between regions has been decreasing. Specifically, the differences between the upstream and downstream, upstream and midstream, and midstream and downstream regions have decreased by 21.484%, 17.341%, and 23.729%, respectively.
Regarding the contribution rate, the overall difference in the coupling and coordination level of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity during the study period primarily stems from inter-regional differences (62.879%), followed by intra-regional differences (31.298%). The contribution rate of hyper-viscous density was the lowest (5.823%). This suggests that the imbalance in the coordinated development of tourism and common prosperity is mainly driven by uneven development across regions.

5 Discussion and conclusions

5.1 Discussion

Based on the research findings, several policy recommendations are proposed to promote the coordinated development of high-quality tourism and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin. First, it is essential to address regional disparities by promoting balanced development across the upstream, midstream, and downstream regions. The national territorial spatial planning for the Yellow River Basin should serve as a guide, with a differentiated development strategy tailored to the unique conditions of each region. Key actions include prioritizing linear tourism development, enhancing coordination of public service facilities and infrastructure, and fostering urban agglomeration integration. Furthermore, establishing a mechanism for regional collaboration will facilitate the sharing of experiences and best practices across provinces, ensuring the synchronized growth of high- quality tourism and common prosperity. Second, ecological protection must be prioritized as a foundational element of high-quality tourism development. The Yellow River Basin’s ecosystem should be managed through a “Great Governance” approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grass, and sand. Major ecological protection projects should be fast-tracked, alongside the introduction of ecological compensation mechanisms and the restoration of key ecosystems. This ecological focus will provide the necessary foundation for sustainable tourism development while contributing to the realization of common prosperity. Simultaneously, the tourism industry should explore green development models, focusing on sustainable practices and promoting regionally coordinated, differentiated tourism based on the area’s natural endowments. Finally, there should be a concerted effort to integrate culture and tourism, leveraging regional cultural resources to create high-quality, unique tourism products. The development of cultural tourism brands, including the Yellow River Cultural Tourism Belt, should be accelerated, along with the creation of connections between provinces through thematic tourism routes. Modern technologies such as AI and VR should be employed to enhance the cultural tourism experience, cultivate new tourism sectors, and develop immersive cultural experiences.
This study contributes to the research on the coupled and coordinated relationship between the high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin, using panel data from nine provinces (districts) spanning 2011 to 2019. It breaks through the limitations of previous studies, which primarily focused on single systems, either the high-quality development of tourism, common prosperity, or the unidirectional promotion effect of tourism on prosperity. By exploring the interactive relationship between tourism development and common prosperity, this study expands both the scope and depth of research, providing valuable insights into the complex dynamics between tourism and common wealth in the Yellow River Basin. As high-quality development of tourism and common prosperity are still being explored and practiced, the relevant evaluation index system is not yet unified. However, the results of the comprehensive measurement of the development level of the two are consistent with the results of existing studies on the provincial level (Zhong et al., 2023; Shu et al., 2024). This study contributes to the existing research by focusing on the mutual influence between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity. Yellow River basin is selected as the case study site. While previous approaches mainly emphasized the unidirectional role of tourism in promoting common prosperity (e.g., Fang et al., 2024; Yin and Huang, 2024), this study presents a more integrated perspective by analyzing the coupling and coordination mechanism between the two, exploring their temporal and spatial evolution. This novel approach fills a gap in existing literature by offering a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interaction between tourism development and common prosperity, a crucial topic for regional policy-making and planning. However, the real contribution lies in how the study expands the research horizon by focusing on the interaction of these two key factors—tourism and common prosperity—and how they influence each other over time. The implications of this research are particularly relevant in the context of Chinese-style modernization, the ongoing ecological conservation efforts, and the push for high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. Understanding the interaction between tourism development and common prosperity in this region is crucial for addressing the complex challenge of balancing ecological protection with economic growth. The study provides a framework for regional collaboration and offers practical recommendations that could help resolve the tension between environmental sustainability and economic development within a particular region. Future research could refine the analysis by narrowing the focus to city and county levels, which would allow for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin and beyond.

5.2 Conclusions

Promoting high-quality tourism development and common prosperity is a crucial starting point for Chinese-style modernization. This study constructs an indicator system based on the two subsystems of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity. It measures the levels of tourism development, common prosperity, and the coupling and coordination between the two systems in nine provinces (autonomous regions) in the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2019. The study then examines their spatio-temporal evolution patterns, dynamic trends, and regional differences. The key conclusions are as follows:
(1) During the sample investigation period, the level of high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin, as well as in each province (autonomous region), improved. The overall spatial distribution pattern showed a trend of “decreasing from east to west. ”
(2) The results of the coupling coordination degree model show that from 2011 to 2019, the coupling degree between high-quality tourism development and common prosperity in the Yellow River Basin improved overall, with more than 70% of provinces reaching a high-level coupling stage. The coupling coordination degree also increased, though there remains a significant gap compared to the quality coordination level. Regarding the results of coupling and coordination types, the primary type was “high-quality tourism development lagging.” The kernel density analysis further reveals that regional differences in the coupling coordination level between the two subsystems and the polarization phenomenon have diminished over time.
(3) In terms of the relative difference in degree of coupling coordination between high-quality tourism development and common wealth, the overall difference, intra-regional differences, and inter-regional difference of the three regions, all show a decreasing trend. Among these, the inter-regional difference is the primary contributor to the overall spatial disparity. The internal differences are most pronounced in the upstream regions, while the greatest inter-regional differences are found between the upstream and downstream regions.

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