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Journal of Resources and Ecology >

2025 , Vol. 16 >Issue 1: 253 - 264

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2025.01.023

Ecotourism

The Inheritance of Beijing Royal Gardens Cultural Heritage Resources from the Perspective of Cultural Gene

  • FAN Wenjing , 1, 2, * ,
  • SONG Xiaoyu 1 ,
  • HUO Sijia 3
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  • 1. School of Economics and Management, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
  • 2. Beijing Central Axis Protection Foundation, Beijing 100050, China
  • 3. International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Beijing 100094, China
*FAN Wenjing, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-10-21

  Accepted date: 2024-12-05

  Online published: 2025-01-21

Supported by

Beijing Municipal Universities Outstanding Young Talent Project(BPHR202203076)

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Abstract

The royal gardens in Beijing are numerous in quantity, diverse in type and remarkable in features, embodying profound cultural connotations and precious heritage values. This study was guided by Chinese leaders’ important speeches on the inheritance of excellent traditional Chinese cultural genes and the theory of Cultural Gene. It sorted out the presentation forms of cultural heritage resources of Beijing Royal Gardens (BRGs), and then identified and extracted the cultural genes of BRGs. In the extraction of cultural genes, resources are divided into two categories based on their perceptibility: material cultural genes and intangible cultural genes. The material cultural genes are mainly reflected in tangible elements such as architectural style, landscape layout, and plant configuration of gardens, which together constitute the unique style of the BRGs. The intangible cultural genes are more reflected in the historical stories, cultural connotations, aesthetic concepts, and other intangible elements carried by gardens, which endow gardens with deeper spiritual values. Furthermore, based on the importance and stability of genes, the extracted cultural genes are divided into four types: core genes, attachment genes, mixed genes, and mutant genes. Core genes are the essence of the BRGs, with high stability and inheritability; Attachment genes are related elements derived around the core genes, which are equally important although not core; Mixed genes are the result of the integration of multiple cultural elements, reflecting the diversity and inclusiveness of culture; Mutant genes are cultural innovations that have emerged during the historical development process, injecting new vitality into the BRGs. Finally, corresponding inheritance strategies were proposed for different types of cultural genes. Core genes: Adhere to essence and strengthen core values; Attachment genes: innovative inheritance, optimizing the supply of derivatives; Mixed genes: overall protection, achieving collective prosperity; Mutant genes: selected identification, optimal fusion and development.

Key words： cultural genes; Beijing Royal Gardens (BRGs); cultural heritage; inheritance

Cite this article

FAN Wenjing , SONG Xiaoyu , HUO Sijia . The Inheritance of Beijing Royal Gardens Cultural Heritage Resources from the Perspective of Cultural Gene[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2025 , 16(1) : 253 -264 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2025.01.023

1 The concept and characteristics of cultural genes

Gene is a term that belongs to the field of biological genetics, referring to DNA fragments with genetic effects that maintain the fundamental structure and properties of life (Wang et al., 2023a). In the 1950s, American anthropologists Alfred and Clyde examined whether there was a fundamental and unified “cultural gene” like a “biological gene” in different cultures, and that was the first discussion about the concept of “cultural gene” (Alfred and Clyde, 1952). In the 1960s, concepts such as “trait complex” or “actone” emerged in academia as cultural micro units that could be communicated and transmitted (Pan, 2005). These concepts aim to describe and explain the “cultural fragments” in culture that can be replicated and inherited, similar to the concept of genes in biology. In 1976, British biologist Dawkins created a new term “Meme” in his book, “The SelfishGene”, which argued those cultural genes that correspond to biological genetic genes, meaning that “cultural transmission units or imitation units”, used to explain the laws of human cultural transmission (Dawkins, 2012). Subsequently, his student, Susan Blackmore explained various cultural phenomena in her monograph “The Meme Machine” and proposed the “Meme coevolution theory”. It is believed that Meme is a memory replicating factor similar to the function and role of biological genetic genes, thereby enriching the definition of cultural genes (Blackmore, 2000). In 1988, the Oxford English Dictionary included the term “Meme”, defining it as “an element of culture that may be considered to be passed on by non-genetic means, especially imitation”. In 1998, Dutch scholar Speel H C, in the paper “Memes are also Interactors”, compared “Meme” to “biological genes”, suggesting that they are not only replicators similar to the DNA but also intermediaries like RNA, providing an important supplement to Dawkins’ concept of “Meme” (Zhao, 2008). In summary, scholars outside of China have continuously elaborated on the theoretical context of “cultural genes”, which have been applied in fields such as computer communication (Feng et al., 2012), psychology (Keltner et al., 2014), architecture (Wanseok and Eugene, 2022), heritage studies (Simin et al., 2023), and art studies (Seungkyu et al., 2022), focusing on the existence of “replicators” analogous to biological genetic genes in the process of cultural inheritance and dissemination.
The traditional Chinese culture serves as the spiritual lifeblood of the Chinese nation, and the enduring resilience of Chinese civilization amidst countless trials and tribulations is attributed to its unique cultural genes. Historical and cultural heritage embodies the genes and essence of the Chinese nation. Chinese leaders consistently emphasized the importance protection, inheritance, and utilization, frequently discussing concepts such as “cultural genes”, “spiritual lifeblood”, and “roots” and “soul” in his speeches. This has formed a systematic exposition centered on “cultural genes”, addressing the relationship between tradition and modernity, as well as between traditional Chinese culture and socialism with Chinese characteristics (Geng, 2016).
In the study of Cultural Gene theory, Chinese scholars have embarked on relatively independent research based on Chinese rich traditional culture. In 1988, Zhu applied the term “cultural genes” as an academic term in his article “The Eujue Law of Ewenki: A Discussion on Cultural Genes in Ancient Folklore” (Zhu, 1988), making them the earliest scholar in China to use the term (Wu and Li, 2020). Liu (1988), Bi (2001), Wang (2003), and Zhao (2008) discussed the origin and application of cultural genes from the angles of fundamental meaning, cognitive logic, inheritance characteristics, and social functions. Therefore, cultural genes refer to the fundamental ideas or spirits that are deeply rooted in various cultural phenomena and can be inherited and developed across time and space, as well as their expressions and styles. They are the key factors that determine how cultural systems are developed and changed. Cultural genes, like biological genes, are the core elements that can be continuously influenced and transmitted in culture. They have unique, hereditary, regulated, and variable characteristics, but also exhibit evident externalities, multidimensionality, interactivity, intangibility, and other features. Based on academic research outcomes, cultural genes can be divided into core genes, attachment genes, mixed genes, and mutant genes following their genetic attributes (Liu et al., 2009; Xi et al., 2019). According to their expression patterns, they can be divided into dominant genes and recessive genes (Wang et al., 2023b). They can also be divided into three levels: core cultural genes (values, ways of thinking), external surface genes (cultural genes in material artificial landscapes), and regional cultural genes (production and lifestyle) (Zhao, 2023). At present, the concept and definition of cultural genes are still being explored, and many viewpoints and insights have been formed. Fundamental propositions such as “spiritual theory”, “material theory”, and “functional theory” have been proposed in the context of cultural genes. The theory of “cultural landscape genes” based on traditional settlements has formed a preliminary framework, clarifying the formation mechanism of the cultural landscape genome map (Hu et al., 2024), and has been applied in practice (Hu, 2024). In addition to fundamental conceptual research, the application areas of cultural genes are constantly expanding, mainly focusing on traditional settlement protection (Liu, 2003; Cheng et al., 2022; Li et al., 2023), heritage value interpretation and inheritance (Du and Yang, 2021; Zhang et al., 2024), tourism planning and development (Luo et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2021), tourism image construction (Liu et al., 2024), etc.

2 The applicability of cultural gene theory to BRGs

Royal Gardens refer to a collective term for a series of palaces, gardens, and imperial parks built by the royal family. They are the places where the royal family travels, plays, worships Buddha, lives, holds celebrations, and handles political affairs. Additionally, they function as diplomatic sites for meetings with close ministers and foreign envoys (Zhou, 1990). The history of the royal gardens construction in Beijing can be traced back to the Jin Dynasty when Emperor Zhangzong of the Jin Dynasty built the Furong Palace Villa on Yuquan Hill as a summer retreat, later known as one of the “Eight Villas on the Western Hills” belonging to Emperor Zhangzong (Yue, 2004). After being developed through several dynasties, the Beijing Royal Gardens (BRGs) reached its prime during the Qing Dynasty, with over 90 clusters of BRGs distributed across the region. However, most of them were destroyed during the Second Opium War in 1860. Currently, the preserved and restored clusters of the BRGs mainly include the “Three Hills and Five Gardens” in the western suburbs of Beijing, Jingshan Park, and Beihai Park within the old city of Beijing, as well as Nanhaizi Park (Figure 1). “Three Hills and Five Gardens” is the general name of the imperial gardens of the Qing Dynasty in Haidian, the western suburb of Beijing. Three Hills refer to Fragrant Hill, Yuquan Hill, and Longevity Hill; Five Gardens refer to Changchun Garden, Jingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Old Summer Palace, and Garden of the Clear Ripples, representing the highest level of oriental garden art and the essence of the existing royal gardens in China (Zhang, 2014).
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the main existing BRGs
The BRGs have evolved significantly over time, with their functions changing dramatically—from private estates of the royal family to public tourist attractions during the Republic of China period. Today, with growing awareness of heritage preservation, these gardens serve as important public parks and tourist destinations as well as cultural heritage sites, educational hubs, and repositories of traditional cultural resources. The recreational, ecological, and water conservation functions of gardens have also been further extended (Sun, 2021). Their core values and spiritual significance have benefitted creative transformation and innovative development in combination with the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which is precisely the result of cultural genes selection and variation.
The heritage of BRGs reflects Chinese cultural concepts regarding the relationships between humans and nature, humans and society, and interpersonal connections. These ideas are intricately interwoven and organized in a systematic, hierarchical manner. By identifying and extracting the cultural gene of BRGs, we can reveal their evolutionary patterns and cultural characteristics at different historical stages, providing a theoretical basis for formulating scientific and reasonable protection strategies. Furthermore, by extracting and recreating the core cultural elements, symbols, and identifiers of BRGs, we can find their points of convergence with contemporary society, thereby proposing protection strategies and ways of enhancement that adapt to the developmental needs of contemporary society. This not only ensures the authenticity of cultural heritage but also enables the BRGs to continue playing an important role in contemporary society, promoting the protection and revitalization of cultural heritage nowadays.

3 Cultural gene recognition of the BRGs

The classification of gene types serves as a link between cultural genes genealogies and inheritance pathways, and the determination of gene types supports the selection of appropriate inheritance pathways (Zhao et al., 2014). From a perceptual standpoint, cultural genes are categorized into material cultural genes and intangible cultural genes. Based on this, according to the status and stability, they are further divided into core genes, attachment genes, mixed genes, and mutant genes.

3.1 Based on perception: Material cultural genes and intangible cultural genes

3.1.1 Material cultural genes

The material cultural genes are tangible and serve as the physical expressions and carriers of both the material and intangible cultural heritage. The BRGs is a physical space composed of natural geographical environments such as hills, rivers, architectural communities, and landscapes. It boasts a vast collection of material cultural heritage resources, with diverse types, distinctive features, high visibility, and excellent preservation. The four essential elements of the garden—hills, water, plants, and architecture—are thoughtfully arranged to create a harmonious and integrated whole. The hills in Beijing western suburbs—Fragrant Hills, Longevity Hill, Yuquan Hill, and Baiwang Hill—extend in a series of rolling peaks, while the water systems of Yuquan Hill and Kunming Lake are well-developed and interconnected. The natural landscape is the foundation of the BRGs architecture, presenting the mythical form of “One Pond and Three Hills” in the garden. The “Three Hills and Five Gardens” area is the most concentrated, diverse, and high-grade area of cultural relics resources, apart from the old city of Beijing. Taking the Summer Palace as an example, it is a large royal garden mainly composed of Kunming Lake, Longevity Hill, and numerous cultural structures. It is one of the representatives of the “Three Mountains and Five Gardens” in the Qing Dynasty, with a heritage core area covering 297 ha and a buffer zone covering 5595 ha. There are over 3000 palaces and garden buildings in the park that involve administration, daily life, and tourism. The collection includes more than 40000 cultural relics, with over 20000 classified as first, second, and third-level artifacts. Spanning from the Shang and Zhou dynasties to contemporary times, the collection includes furniture, bronzeware, jade pieces, outdoor displays, ancient books, calligraphy, paintings, and other exquisite works. In summary, material cultural genes can be categorized into ecological genes (hills, water systems, vegetation), morphological genes (relics and sites, cultural buildings, historical records, and artifacts), and industry genes (agriculture, commerce, tourism) (Table 1).
Table 1 Culture gene identification system of the BRGs
Gene types Gene factors Gene markers Genetic expression Gene status
Material culture
genes		 Ecological genes Hills Longevity Hill, Yuquan Hill, Fragrant Hills, etc. Attachment genes
Rriver system Summer Palace: Kunming Lake, Lotus Pond, Tuancheng Lake, Back Lake, Yuhe River, etc.
Old Summer Palace: Front Lake, Back Lake, Fuhai Lake, etc.
Jingming Garden: Yuquan Lake, Liezhi Lake, Jingying Lake, Hanyi Lake, Baozhu Lake, etc.
Beihai Park: Beihai Lake, Yucan River, etc.
Nanhaizi Park: Yongding River, Nanhaizi, etc.
Vegetation Tree, shrub, and vine species, such as Chinese willow, plum trees, pine trees, cypress trees, Japanese pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree, magnolia denudata, weeping willow, maple trees, catalpa trees, perforate spindle, bamboo, Amur honeysuckle, etc.
Morphol-
ogical
genes		 Ruins and
sites		 Summer Palace: Site of the Zhijing Pavilion, Site of the Zaojiantang Hall, Site of the Qiwang Xuan Pavilion, Site of the Yuexin Zhuang Villa, Site of the Gouxuxuan Pavilion, Site of the Gaichun Garden, Site of the Xumilingjing, Site of the Huachengge Pavilion, etc.
Old Summer Palace: Site of the Danboningjing, etc.
Jingming Garden: Site of the original Furongdian Hall of Emperor Zhangzong of the Jin Dynasty, etc.
Jingyi Garden: Site of the Yunqin Studio building, Site of the Zhiyuan Studio building, Yong’an Mausoleum, etc.
Nanhaizi Park: Old Yamen Palace, New Yamen Palace, Tuanhe Palace (Eight Scenes of Tuanhe), Nanhongmen Palace, etc.
Beihai Park: Site of the Mahavira Hall, Site of the Wanfo Tower, etc.		 Core genes
Humanistic architecture Summer Palace: Buddha’s Fragrance Pavilion, Wisdom Sea, Deheyuan Garden, Xiequyuan Garden, Seventeen-Arch Bridge, Suzhou Street, Yulantang Hall, Leshoutang Hall, Tingli Pavilion, Stone Boat, Four Great Continents, Paiyundian Hall, Wenchangyuan Academy, etc.
Old Summer Palace: Jiuzhouqingyan, Tiandiyijiachun, Le’anhe, Ciyunpuhu, Zhengdamingguang Hall, Qinzhengqinxian Hall, Fanghushengjing, Bitong Scholarly Academy, Santan Yinyue, Quyuan Fenghe Hall, etc.
Jingming Garden: Yufeng Pagoda, Huazang Pagoda, Yulong Cave, Huayan Cave
Jingyi Garden: Qinzheng Hall, etc.
Beihai Park: Yitian Hall, Round City, Wulongting Pavilions, White Dagoba of Beihai, Nine Dragon Wall, “Qiongdao Chunyin” Stone Tablet, Haopu Space, etc.
Nanhaizi Park: Autumn Wind in the Southern Garden, Eagle drying platform, Deshou Double Steles, Kunshi Double Willow Trees, etc.		 Core genes
Old Summer Palace:Western-style Buildings, etc.
Jingming Garden: Xiangyan Temple, Shengyuan Temple, Pumen Observatory, etc.
Jingyi Garden: Fragrant Hills Temple, Biyun Temple, Hongguang Temple, Guanyin Pavilion, Haitang Yard, Jianxin Studio, Zhaomiao Temple, etc.
Beihai Park: Yong’an Temple, Jingxin Studio, Huafang Studio, Xiancan Altar, etc.
Nanhaizi Park: Beijing Milu Park, etc.		 Mixed genes
Historical
materials		 “Inspection of the Feng Shui of the Old Summer Palace by Zhang Zhongzi, Magistrate of Deping County, Shandong”, “Illustrated Poems of the Forty Scenes of the Old Summer Palace”, “Imperial Poems on the Forty Scenes of the Old Summer Palace”, “Record of the Old Summer Palace”, “Illustrations of the Twenty-Eight Scenes of Jingyi Garden” (by Dong Bangda of the Qing Dynasty), and the Yangshilei Architectural Archives, etc. Attachment genes
Artifacts and relics Decorative items: A wide variety, such as the jade-inlaid gold carved imperial poem screen (Qing Dynasty, Qianlong period), jade banana leaf pattern gu (a type of ancient wine vessel) (Qing Dynasty, Qianlong period), and bronze ox in the Summer Palace; the Qianlong “Imperially Approved Recarved Chunhua Pavilion Steles” stone inscriptions, and bronze gilt Vajra Buddha statue (Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng period) in the Old Summer Palace
Daily use items: A diverse range of items such as tables, chairs, beds, and the four treasures of the study, including the red sandalwood openwork floral pattern stool in the Summer Palace, and the
copper-based enamel incense tube in the Old Summer Palace, etc.		 Attachment genes
Business genes Planting Jitian (a type of farmland), silkworm rearing room, etc., such as the rice paddies and vegetable gardens in Changchunyuan Garden, the Duojiaruyun, Danboningjing, Yingshuilanxiang, and Shuimumingse in the Old Summer Palace; the Farming and Weaving Diagram, Shuicunju, and Lenongxuan in Jingyi Garden; the Xitiankegeng in Jingming Garden, etc. Mutant genes
Business Busines street
Tourism Cultural creative products, cultural tourism, cultural theme activities, etc.
Intangible cultural genes Spiritual genes Renowned figures’s spirit Governance and administration, philosophy of life, artistic attainment, humanistic care, religious belief, scientific development, etc. Core genes
Traditional Chinese values Harmony and balance, unity of heaven and humanity, investigating things to acquire knowledge, practical learning spirit, emphasis on agriculture, inclusiveness, filial piety
Folk
genes		 Cultural
features		 Royal culture (venues for royal outings, worship, daily life, celebrations, governance, diplomacy, etc.) Core genes
religious culture (activities such as incense offering and Buddha worship), Confucian ritual culture, farming culture, etc. Mixed genes
Folk legends Legends of Nanhaizi, Yongding River, Summer Palace, Old Summer Palace, Fragrant Hills, Cao Xueqin, etc. Attachment genes
Folk activities Temple fairs, lantern festivals, flower fairs, and seasonal sightseeing activities, etc. Mutant genes
Traditional crafts The culinary skills of the Tingli Pavilion’s longevity meals in the Summer Palace, the rock stacking skills of Han, etc. Attachment genes

3.1.2 Intangible cultural genes

Intangible cultural genes consist of intrinsic values, ways of thinking, and traditions, reflecting the unique spirit and life philosophy of a place. These intangible elements along with the place’s essence, form a vital foundation for the social and cultural significance of its material heritage (Liu, 2017). From the first year of Liao Tianhui (938 AD) to the third year of Qing Xuantong (1911), Beijing, as the capital of the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, lasted nearly a thousand years. It became a political, economic, and cultural center of the country, including an exchange between the farming culture and the nomadic culture, the culture of ethnic minorities and the culture of the Central Plains, and the culture of the Chinese and the Western cultures. This exchange supported the vitality and the development of the BRGs (Sun et al., 2023). Since its construction, the BRGs, have seen different types of activities by renowned figures through the ages, reflecting the diversified spiritual qualities such as political thought, educational thought, scientific thought, revolutionary spirit, etc. The intangible cultural heritage of the BRGs is rich and diverse, involving folk activities, traditional events, folklore art, festivals, etc., reflecting the ongoing interaction between the royal family of ancient times and the general populace, which continues to influence people’s lives in various forms today. In summary, intangible cultural genes can be further categorized into spiritual genes (spirits of renowned figures, core values) and folk genes (cultural traits, folklore, folk activities, and traditional crafts) (Table 1).

3.2 Based on status and stability: Core genes, attachment genes, mixed genes and mutant genes

The core genes refer to royal culture and the values of the Chinese nation. The attachment genes are attached to the core genes, adding cultural color and artistic charm to the garden. Mixed genes refer to genes that integrate multiple cultural elements and artistic styles. The mutant genes are the most active and diverse part of the cultural genes of the BRGs. The main expressions of the four types of genes are shown in Table 1, and the relationships between each gene are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 The relationship and inheritance path between core genes, attachment genes, mixed genes, and mutant genes

3.2.1 Core genes

The core genes, serving as the matrix of genes, dominate cultural attributes and exert a significant influence on the external manifestations of culture. It is the most distinctive type of gene (Huo, 2017). Gene identification should follow the principles of “uniqueness in internal causes, uniqueness in external landscapes, uniqueness in local elements, and overall dominance in landscapes” (Liu, 2011). The architecture, rituals, and art of royal gardens fully exhibit a royal aura. Substantial human, material, and financial resources are invested in the construction of the BRGs, which boasts grand scales and architectural hierarchies, far surpassing those of temple gardens and private gardens. Numerous cultural relics, historic buildings, historical documents, artifacts, and other elements bearing the royal cultural flavor, collectively constitute the principal characteristics of the BRGs, making it unique among various gardens. Although BRGs generally embody the dignity of royal power, their construction emphasized adapting to and respecting nature. Centered around natural hills and waterways, these landscapes are constructed to follow the contours of the hills and lie beside the waters, preserving the harmony between the two. Artificially constructed pavilions, terraces, towers, and other similar structures blend into the hills and waterways, pursuing a harmonious coexistence and sustainable development between humans and nature. Taking Jingyi Garden as an example, the garden layout follows the hill contours. In the eastern part of the hill, where the terrain is mainly water, a waterscape is formed. Rocks are piled up to create landscapes on the northern slope of Jingyan Lake, allowing spring water to flow out from the cave, forming a “water curtain”. In the western part of the hill, where the terrain is higher, a courtyard hill scene is constructed, ultimately forming a corresponding scenic beauty of one hill and one waterway in the east and west. The garden layout also exhibits a strict sense of hierarchical order, pursuing axial symmetry and emphasizing rules and order, thus, presenting a solemn feeling and highlighting the significance of royal power. For instance, Jiuzhou Qingyan architectural complex in the Old Summer Palace, the layout of the main architectural palace area strictly follows the format of left-right symmetry around the central axis, with the Zhengda Guangming Hall and other buildings aligned on the main axis, while the wing rooms and auxiliary halls are arranged on both sides. The core content of the cultural genes of the Chinese nation is found in its way of thinking and its values (Cai, 2022). Gardens design concepts, and landscape layouts contained in the “unity of man and nature”, “neutral” and other core content, reflecting the values of the Chinese nation and the pursuit of the values of traditional Chinese culture. These are the fundamental elements that convey the uniqueness and values of the BRGs, representing their cultural characteristics. The overall style of the BRGs plays a decisive role in shaping their identity and serves as a key factor in identifying their cultural genes.

3.2.2 Attachment genes

Attachment genes are secondary genetic markers that depend on the core genes for their existence. They strongly reflect cultural characteristics and serve to reinforce the core genes (Wang and Bai, 2019). and are reinterpreted and showcased as times change. In terms of material culture, the architectural materials, structures, textures, decorative patterns, and designs of the BRGs consistently reflect the concept of feudal hierarchy and are highly distinctive. These elements reflect and strengthen the characteristics of the core gene, and together they build the historical and cultural landscape of the BRGs.
In the context of intangible culture, attachment genes encompass traditional colors, folklore, craftsmanship, festive customs, and more. For instance, the architecture of the BRGs prominently showcases red and yellow, enhanced by green, resulting in a striking and harmonious color palette. The interior halls and pavilions include vibrant hues and intricate designs, often incorporating elements such as dragons, phoenixes, and kylins crafted in copper, exuding a sense of richness, nobility, and royal authority. In the construction of these gardens, elements like the “One Pond, Three Hills” layout, the landscape architecture philosophy of “forever adhering to frugality, abandoning extravagance, and eliminating ornamentation” adopted by some garden and rockery artists artists such as Ye Tao, Zhang Ran, and Zhang Lian, as well as the traditional architectural techniques of the Yangshi Lei family, a dynasty of royal architects during the Qing Dynasty, all serve to accentuate and enhance the distinctive features of the core genes. These elements contribute to the shaping of the external image and internal spatial arrangement of the BRGs, enriching their unique characteristics, style, and cultural depth.

3.2.3 Mixed genes

Mixed genes belong to the general gene type and play an important role in enriching cultural diversity. The BRGs are a product of cultural mixing, and its construction process integrates the royal culture with other cultures, contains a variety of design concepts and artistic styles, and presents cultural diversity. Royal culture, religious culture, Confucian culture, farming culture, Western culture, and integrational types of culture, are an important part of the cultural genes pool of the BRGs. Religious culture is one of the most typical mixed genes, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism are all reflected in the BRGs, especially in the form of architecture and other aspects of religious culture, which is an important element of the BRGs design. For example, Buddhist architecture in the BRGs includes various forms such as Buddhist halls, pavilions, and pagodas. The Ciyun Puhu in the Old Summer Palace, the Foxiang Pavilion in the Summer Palace, the Yufeng Pagoda and Miaogao Pagoda in Jingming Garden, as well as Han Tibetan style architecture and ancient Indian Buddhist architecture, add rich colors to BRGs. In addition, the emperor and empresses engaged in various religious activities such as burning incense and worshiping Buddha in the BRGs, which contained obvious and extremely strong religious and cultural connotations. According to the archives of Emperor Qianlong’s residence in the Old Summer Palace in the 21st year of his reign, he lived there for a total of 168 days and spent 35 days engaging in religious activities such as worshiping Buddha. And he also visited Jingming Garden, Dajue Temple, Yongning Temple, and other places①. Ming and Qing dynasties, by the influence of Western culture, the BRGs both reflect the splendor of the Royal Court architecture, and imitation of Jiangnan Suzhou and Hangzhou gardens of the beautiful and elegant, while also absorbing Europe and other foreign cultures, Gardens architecture integration of different styles. Old Summer Palace has a European-style Gardens building “Western-style building”, which was built in 1747, and the architectural style is the “Baroque” style of the late European Renaissance, and the gardening is the “Le Nôtre” style, which is a combination of Western architectural technology and art. The combination of Western architectural techniques and artistic styles with China’s traditional architectural skills presents a diversified visual landscape.

3.2.4 Mutant genes

Mutant genes are attributes derived from their original form, which are constantly updated with changes in time and space due to limitations in social history and natural environment, and are not completely detached from their original form. Since its establishment in the Jin Dynasty, the royal gardens have undergone multiple constructions, expansions, demolitions, and reconstructions. As a result of the combined effects of economic changes, institutional changes, social development, and cultural exchange and integration, genes undergo mutations. Gardens, while maintaining their original characteristics, continuously incorporate innovative elements and styles in their design, construction, and cultural inheritance processes and keep pace with the times to exhibit new changes.
For example, design innovation, the application of digital technology, and the development of cultural and creative products are all manifestations of the “mutant genes” in the BRGs, which altogether constitute their unique and rich cultural significance and landscape characteristics. The folk market established in the “Three Hills and Five Gardens” to meet the needs of the royal palace and nobles, known as the “Buy Sell Street”, has now become a cultural and tourist destination, with a large number of temple fairs, lantern festivals, flower fairs, and seasonal sightseeing activities. The shops on Buy Sell Street are full of various unique cultural and creative products. Among them, the “Suzhou Street Spring Festival Palace Market,” which includes cultural and traditional activities held every Spring Festival on Suzhou Street in the Summer Palace is particularly typical, with lanterns and colorful decorations, loud drums, and gongs, not only the “Emperor” and “Empress” buying and selling on the street, but also palace games such as “throwing pots”. There are also Manchu-style “Taiping Drum” dances, acrobatics, and puppet shows in the park, as well as Suzhou specialties and Beijing-style snacks that complement each other, blending royal culture and common culture in the form of temple fairs. In addition, various folk cultural activities such as temple fairs, lantern festivals, and flower festivals have continued to this day, such as the “Suzhou Street Spring Festival Palace Market”, which is a pioneering expansion of the main genetic characteristics. These intangible cultural elements are integrated into the development of tourism.

4 Strategies of protection and inheritance from the perspective of cultural gene

4.1 Core genes: Adhere to the essence and strengthen core values

Core genes are the key element of cultural inheritance and carry the core values and spiritual significance of culture while ensuring that it can be passed on from generation to generation. If the core gene is abandoned or lost, the culture cannot be preserved. The BRGs embody the Confucian principles of “the unity of man and heaven”, “harmonious balance”, and the philosophical concepts of Taoism and nature, which form an essential part of their cultural heritage. Philosophical thinking has a cultural impact on the royal garden. Qing Dynasty emperor’s “filial piety” ruled the world, built temples, initiated the rise of Buddha prayers, and established the Summer Palace in the Grand Annunciation Yanshou Temple, Cifu Lou, Miaojue Temple, etc., reflecting the traditional Chinese virtue of “filial piety”. The plaques in the Old Summer Palace, such as the “Great Light”, “Diligence and Proximity”, and “Contour and Great Justice”, convey the concept of national governance that integrates the family and the country, and cultivates the internal and the external world.
Behind the Yunhui Yu Pailou at the Summer Palace is an inscription, “Star Arching over the Yao Shu”, which originates from “The Analects: Political Affairs”. It states, “To govern with virtue is like the North Star remaining in its place, while all other stars align around it,” reflecting Confucian ideals of benevolence and virtue in governance. The “Ruling Mirror Pavilion”, surrounded by water on all sides, symbolizes the concept of unified national governance. The “Ruling Mirror Pavilion”, symbolizing “clear governance”, reflects Emperor Qianlong’s philosophy of rulership, as expressed through his eight poems. The BRGs embody a range of values, including governance, philosophy, artistic achievements, humanistic concerns, religious beliefs, and scientific advancements. These gardens, both in the past and in the present, retain their distinct national characteristics whilst enduring relevance (Xi, 2014). These ideas and concepts have been deeply integrated into the bloodline of the Chinese nation, reflecting the meanings of continuity, stability, and development, while constantly updated and enriched with changes in space and time. They also realize creative transformation and innovative development by combining the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which has become the deep source and strong support of the socialist core values (Zhu, 2024).
Core values are the soul and essence of the core genes. Therefore, in the inheritance of the cultural resources of the BRGs, it is necessary to adhere to the essence, that is, the ideological essence of the socialist core values, instead of alternating the fundamental elements that constitute the unique advantages of the garden. At the same time, through effective inheritance and dissemination, it can become deeply ingrained in people’s hearts and serve as an important guiding principle for society, achieving sustainable development and long-term prosperity of culture.

4.2 Attachment genes: Innovate and inherit, optimize the supply of derivatives

Attachment genes are the enhanced expression of host genes, and their in-depth exploration and organization can further highlight the essence and importance of the host genes. Chinese leaders have been continuously mentioning the concept of “promoting the creative transformation and innovative development of rich traditional Chinese culture”. The concept of economic transformation and protection of cultural heritage has fundamental ally formed a consenmain genessus. With the help of contemporary design concepts, techniques, and methods, cultural extraction and recreation of attachment genes represented by colors, decorations, patterns, and festivals, in the BRGs Forest are carried out, creating a more vivid and three-dimensional depiction of the, in the context of attachment genes. This leaves a more complete and profound cultural heritage memory for future generations. Taking the development of cultural and creative products as an example, there are problems such as superficial or homogeneous product development, average quality, high substitutability, and limited role in conveying cultural connotations. Therefore, the development of cultural and creative products in the BRGs requires more innovative development methods, brainstorming, and creating differentiated and personalized cultural and tourist attractions.
Firstly, preferential policies can be developed and implemented to attract individuals with creativity and strong communication skills. Strengthening partnerships with universities can help establish a cultural and creative development model that integrates industry, academia, and research. Secondly, enhancing collaboration with designers and artists can improve the appearance and functionality of products. By prioritizing aesthetics alongside practicality, the design quality and user experience of cultural and creative products can be elevated from the outset. It is equally important to seek cross-border collaborations with all the relevant companies to expand the development space of cultural and creative products, and jointly create cultural and creative products and brands. Then, creative points will be solicited from the general public by organizing creative design competitions, sending survey questionnaires, cultural and creative product design selections, and other methods to understand the purchasing and consumption needs of the public, enhance the competitiveness of cultural and creative products, and thus, improve the effectiveness of the inheritance of the BRGs culture.

4.3 Mixed genes: Ensure comprehensive protection, and achieve collective prosperity

All heritage is shaped by specific natural and historical contexts, reflecting the characteristics of its environment. The protection of cultural heritage should be grounded in the principle of “integrity”. The Venice Charter, adopted by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) in 1964, was the first to propose the concept of “integrity”, which focuses on protecting and extending the value of the original form of historical and cultural heritage, and protecting the overall appearance of buildings and their surrounding organic environment (Ruan et al., 1998). The awareness of “overall protection” refers to the comprehensive and holistic protection of cultural heritage itself and its living environment. Protecting the rich mixed genes of the BRGs, based on a construction pattern that continues the integration of landscape and the environment, while following the principles of adapting to local conditions and collaborative protection, and organizing and connecting resources of the Gardens and surrounding environments, in different fields, to ensure the integrity of Gardens resources and their surrounding environment is imperative.
For example, the BRGs such as the Summer Palace, Old Summer Palace, Jingyi Garden, and Nanhaizi Park have unique mixed genes and potential. According to the resource status of each garden, detailed classification should be carried out based on the characteristics of each type of resource, and their potential should be further deployed (Tang et al., 2021). The Summer Palace is renowned for its exquisite bronze culture. The Old Summer Palace attracts countless tourists with its unique animal head culture, witnessing the glory and vicissitudes of the Old Summer Palace in the past. At the same time, Jingyi Garden is highly regarded for its profound red culture and rich plant culture. Nanhaizi Park is renowned for its unique elk and wetland culture. In order to further strengthen and inherit these mixed genes, it is necessary to develop special protection plans and clarify protection goals, tasks, and measures. On the other hand, attention should be paid to collaborative protection and overall promotion, forming a new context of multicultural integration (Fan et al., 2024), and maintaining the cultural diversity of gardens.
To this end, the application of digital technologies such as AR/VR, 3D animation, scene construction, panoramic photography, and visualization technology in the three-dimensional and virtual display of the BRGs culture genes can be strengthened. With the help of WeChat, microblog, official account, various short videos, tourist websites, and APP communication carriers, the BRGs culture gene is injected into digital life, and can align with information communication, network display, and virtual tourism, to enrich the practice and application scenarios of the BRGs culture (Liu et al., 2019), while ensuring effective integration and synergy between different elements, and achieve more effective development.

4.4 Mutant genes: Selective identification for optimal integration and development

Genetic variations can be classified as benign or malignant, and the same applies to cultural genetic variations. In the process of protection and inheritance, it is essential to identify these mutations, eliminate harmful ones, and preserve the beneficial ones, enriching the definition of cultural genes and enhancing their vitality. Variant genes often carry the potential for innovation and progress, and beneficial variants should be fully recognized and safeguarded as key drivers of cultural inheritance and development. In practice, the concept of gene editing from biology can be adapted to refine the management and optimization of cultural genes. By establishing a scientific evaluation system, cultural genes can be thoroughly and objectively assessed, ensuring the preservation of positive variations and the removal of negative ones.
Specifically, the integration of culture and tourism is one of the sources for the generation of mutant genes. Tourism, as the environment shaper and medium of cultural genes expression, can enhance the sustainable inheritance and expression of cultural heritage and commence the cultural lineage. In the development of culture and tourism integration, the Royal Parks, relying on rich cultural relics and buildings, renowned figures of, religious, and folk culture, and other resources, create a diversified system of cultural tourism products according to local parameters, such as tourism and cultural festivals, art exhibitions, themed performances, and experience, to satisfy the characteristics of the mass tourism and multi-level consumer demand. For example, Nanhaizi Park, with the value of “cultural lineage renewal, ecological construction, ecological protection, popularization of science and education” at its core, has achieved remarkable results in the excavation of cultural resources, and ecological environmental protection, and the area of wetland has increased nearly three times in ten years②, becoming a famous ecological tourism area and generating high-quality mutant genes.

5 Discussion and conclusions

The theory of Cultural Gene provides a new way to understand how culture is replicated, transmitted, and evolved like biological genes. Under the framework of cultural gene theory, the inheritance research of the BRGs has been given a new perspective and depth. The inheritance of the BRGs is no longer just about the protection and restoration of material forms, but more importantly, the identification, extraction, and transmission of cultural genes contained therein. This means that it is necessary to deeply explore the cultural connotations behind gardens, understand their historical background, cultural significance, and social value, and pass on these cultural genes to a wider audience through various forms such as education and research, tourism, and creativity. Previous research has shown that establishing a cultural gene database, visualizing cultural genes, and actively promoting the application and transformation of cultural genes in various fields such as creative industries, education popularization, and cultural tourism can effectively promote the inheritance and development of cultural heritage (Liu, 2011; Li et al., 2023; Hu, 2024; Hu et al., 2024; Liu and Liu, 2024). As an outstanding representative of Chinese classical Gardens art, exploring the inheritance of the BRGs under the perspective of cultural genes is of great significance for the understanding of the deep-rooted value of cultural heritage and for formulating scientific and suitable protection strategies. This paper studied and discussed the inheritance of the BRGs cultural heritage from the aspects of identification and extraction, organization and classification, protection and inheritance of cultural genes.

5.1 Identification and extraction of cultural genes

As the fundamental unit of cultural inheritance, cultural genes are the most active and vital part of cultural heritage. The cultural genes in the BRGs are widely present in its architectural design, garden layout, plant configuration, culture, and art. Some of these genes reflect its royal context and honorable status, such as magnificent palaces and solemn layouts; Some show the ancient people’s pursuit and understanding of the beauty of nature, such as the exquisite and chic pavilions, and the winding water system. In the process of recognizing cultural genes, attention needs to be paid to their uniqueness and representativeness. Uniqueness refers to those genes that can embody the characteristics of the BRGs, such as Kunming Lake, the promenade of the Summer Palace, and the White Pagoda of the Beihai Sea. Representativeness refers to those genes that can represent a certain historical period or cultural category, such as the architectural style and gardening techniques of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Through systematic research and organizing, the cultural genes in the BRGs can be classified and archived to provide a scientific basis for the subsequent conservation work.

5.2 Organization and classification of cultural genes

The categorization of cultural genes helps to clearly perceive the categories and characteristics of cultural heritage resources. Combined with the perceptual nature of the cultural heritage resources of the BRGs, the cultural genes of the BRGs are classified into material cultural genes and intangible cultural genes. Material cultural genes include ecological genes such as hills, waterside systems, and vegetation, morphological genes such as cultural relics, historical buildings, historical data, and relics of implements, and industrial genes such as commerce, plantation, and tourism. Intangible cultural genes include national cultural genes such as cultural features, folklore, folk activities, and traditional crafts, and spiritual genes such as the spirit of celebrities and values. According to the constituent properties of genes, they are categorized into core genes, attachment genes, mixed genes, and mutant genes.

5.3 Protection and transmission of cultural genes

In terms of protection and inheritance, it is necessary to propose corresponding protection strategies for different types of genes. The protection of the core genes should adhere to its essence, emphasize its core status and value as a cultural heritage resource of the BRGs, and focus on the inheritance and promotion of cultural connotation. Attachment genes play a reinforcing role to the core genes, which can be further investigated, combined with science technology, and creativity forms to create a diversified inheritance path. Mixed genes emphasize their importance as an integral part of cultural heritage, and shape the perspective of holistic protection, strengthening the deep excavation and inheritance of historical information, cultural definition, and social value contained in mixed genes to structure the characteristics of the garden. Mutant genes, first of all, should strictly identify benign and malignant variants, resolutely reject malignant variants, actively protect, and pass on benign variants, and encourage their inheritance and innovation under new historical conditions to form new cultural brands and rich carriers.
Finally, the extraction and division of genes can support the refinement of the innovative use of different types of cultural resources in the BRGs and enhance the cultural lineage inheritance, cultural relics reproduction, form derivation, and business innovation of the BRGs. It is also important to note that all the genes of the heritage resources are an integral whole and that no matter which types of cultural genes are used, they should not be completely cut off from each other in the process of protection and inheritance. Instead, they should be in harmony with the overall perspective of protection and development. The choice of ways and techniques of protection is also cross-cutting and diversified. Digital science and technology, multimedia platforms, and cultural and creative development are all ways of transmitting cultural genes in the new contemporary context, providing new, unexplored possibilities for the protection and transmission of cultural genes.

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