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Journal of Resources and Ecology >

2025 , Vol. 16 >Issue 1: 159 - 171

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2025.01.015

Ecotourism

Impact of Information Capital on Sustainable Livelihoods in Island Tourism Destinations

  • QI Fengxun ,
  • QIN Weishan , * ,
  • JIANG Hongqiang ,
  • LI Xiaohan
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  • School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, China
*QIN Weishan, E-mail:

QI Fengxun, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-06-16

  Accepted date: 2024-09-12

  Online published: 2025-01-21

Supported by

Shandong Higher Education “Youth Innovation Science and Technology Support Program”(2021RW042)

Special Fund of Taishan Scholar Project(tsqn202306240)

Shandong Natural Science Foundation General Project(ZR2023MD126)

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Abstract

Based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF), the Sustainable Livelihood Framework of Yujiale fishing tourism farmers was developed. Starting from the perspective of farmers, grounded theory was used to excavate the specific forms of information capital that were represented. Subsequently, the quantitative analysis method was used to quantify the livelihood capital of farmers from six dimensions: natural, physical, financial, human, social and information capital. Finally, Geodetector methods were adopted to explore the factors influencing the information capital level. The results show that the weight and value of information capital are high, which is an important factor that cannot be ignored. In addition, the educational age structure and economic income ability are important factors affecting the level of information capital. This study provides theoretical support for pinpointing the intrinsic value of information capital in the livelihood capital structure of farmers, and for comprehensively interpreting the livelihood level of farmers in the rural tourism destination of Changdao of China.

Key words： information capital; livelihood capital measurement; farmers; Changdao of China

Cite this article

QI Fengxun , QIN Weishan , JIANG Hongqiang , LI Xiaohan . Impact of Information Capital on Sustainable Livelihoods in Island Tourism Destinations[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2025 , 16(1) : 159 -171 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2025.01.015

1 Introduction

Livelihood is intricately connected to individual sustenance and national planning. It represents a means of sustaining oneself through abilities, assets, and activities (Scoones, 1998). Within the context of sustainability, sustainable livelihood involves a profound exploration and examination of livelihoods. This concept, which is centered on people, asserts that poverty can only be eradicated through enhancements in livelihood development across various levels (Chambers and Conway, 1992). Building on this concept, various research frameworks of sustainable livelihood theory have been introduced. The most authoritative frameworks are the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) proposed by Scoones (1998), and one from the Department for International Development of UK (DFID, 1999), which categorizes livelihood capital into five types, namely natural, social, physical, material, and human. Integrating the theory of sustainable livelihoods into the tourism domain, Shen et al. (2008) elucidated the correlation between sustainable development and tourism, and presented the Sustainable Livelihood Framework for Tourism (SLFT). Drawing on previous research, Su et al. (2019) and Ma et al. (2021) introduced a sustainable livelihood analysis framework within the context of tourism. Li et al. (2016) formulated a sustainable livelihood analysis framework tailored to ethnic tourism destinations by considering the attributes of the ethnic communities. Lasso and Dahles (2018) investigated the factors influencing farmers’ livelihood choices in tourist destinations. That study underscored the significant impact of the livelihood subject, “people,” on both livelihood capital and strategies, thereby expanding the perspective of the prevailing sustainable livelihood research. Sharpley (2016) identified the risk that tourism can cause a return to poverty through the lens of sustainable livelihoods. Furthermore, he developed an early warning mechanism to anticipate such a regression. Yang et al. (2023) integrated the new barrel theory into a sustainable livelihood framework. This integration serves as a theoretical reference for regulating farmers’ sustainable livelihoods in tourist destinations. Exploring the application of sustainable livelihoods in the context of tourism has consistently been a significant focus of scholars, both domestically and internationally.
Researchers have conducted case studies on various types of tourist destinations. These studies revealed that the five original key indicators for evaluating livelihood capital had limitations in their research dimensions. However, these indicators do not fully capture the diverse and dynamic development of farmers’ livelihoods in tourist destinations. Therefore, based on the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis, scholars have tried to incorporate capital types such as cultural capital ( Scott et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021), spatial capital (Huang et al., 2018), tourism capital (Shen et al., 2008), and political and institutional capital (Shen et al., 2008; Bennett et al., 2012; Ma et al., 2018) into the evaluation index system of farmers’ livelihood capital in tourist destinations. Relevant studies have demonstrated that information technology has substantial potential for enhancing cultural heritage tourism product systems and establishing digital tourism platforms. Additionally, some scholars have noted that the intervention of information network media has resulted in the capitalization of rural cultural resources, subsequently affecting the balance of rural capital (Dai and Hua, 2023). The continuous application of information technology in the tourism industry is promoting a transition to cloud-based, user-centric, and intelligent tourism (Wu and Pearce, 2014). This is manifested in several ways, including the widespread use of network searching that empowers tourists to filter tourism information according to their needs, which influences decision-making in tourism behavior through information media (Mauri and Minazzi, 2013). The data support from information capital can be used to comprehend the diverse and dynamic needs of tourists, and then update the tourism products (Ayeh, 2015). Through online displays and reservations on e-commerce platforms, this model can not only foster interactive tourism, but also facilitate the presentation and promotion of high-quality tourism resources (Li et al., 2021). To promote sustainable tourism development, information capital is a technical means that influences other livelihood capital, thereby fostering the evolution and reconstruction of the entire livelihood model.
The concept of information capital originated from research on information and knowledge economies, which defined information capital as the general term for capital related to information activities (Wu, 2003). As science and technology continuously advance and the information industry develops, the socialization characteristics of information capital have become more pronounced. Therefore, the relationship between the two has changed from weak to strong. Information capital refers to all the resources and assets related to information, which are being applied in the tourism industry to bring more opportunities and possibilities for rural tourism by means of big data analysis, the application of intelligent technology and the construction of information platforms. Owing to its unique island geography, the industrial system of Changdao exhibits notable vulnerability, high external dependence, distinct regional characteristics, and unique developmental and evolutionary features (Qin et al., 2017). To adapt to these unique geographical features, island residents have gradually developed a socio-economic model distinct from that of the mainland and have adopted unique livelihoods. For instance, island farmers have leveraged the beautiful seaside environment to develop Yujiale operations, which fully showcase the distinctive characteristics of human-land relations on the islands. Given spatial inaccessibility and its associated limitations, this region relies more on information capital. In this study, the integration of information capital into the evaluation system for farmers’ livelihoods not only enriches the framework and research content of sustainable livelihoods, but also offers theoretical support for the development of tourism and the farmers’ livelihoods in Changdao. Additionally, it provides a valuable reference for the sustainable development of the livelihoods of residents on other islands.

2 Study area

Changdao, previously referred to as the Changshan Archipelago, is situated between the Jiaodong and Liaodong Peninsulas at the confluence of the Yellow and Bohai Seas. It borders Penglai in the south, Lushun in the north, Japan and South Korea in the east, and Beijing and Tianjin in the west. The ‘Yujiale’ Tourism Project (YTP) emerged in Changdao in the 1990s. The concept of Yujiale centers on tourist attractions and sea tours, offering leisure vacations, sightseeing entertainment, and experiential activities. It allows tourists to enjoy natural scenery and immerse themselves in the folk culture of fishermen, making it a favorable destination among tourists. The rural regional system of Changdao is quite unique. As a small land unit isolated from the mainland, it often faces challenges such as resource scarcity and limited market scale due to spatial constraints like a limited area and inconvenient transportation. This results in a fragile socio-economic environment. In addition, to protect Changdao’s favorable ecological environment, policies adopted in recent years have been guiding the gradual withdrawal of industries with adverse environmental impacts and promoting low-carbon ecological aquaculture. Leading with the ‘Changdao International Zero Carbon Island’ policy, the goal is to create a model for island protection and development. The government encourages the vigorous development of island Yujiale, leveraging tourism resources to shift farmers from traditional aquaculture to tourism-related services such as hospitality and tourism labor. The development and expansion of the local tourism industry have yielded multifaceted benefits, including increased income for residents, an improved labor structure, and an optimized industrial structure. However, this has also resulted in numerous irreversible effects on the vulnerability of the island. Therefore, the livelihoods of farmers on Changdao differ from those in other regions, since they have diverse livelihood types that are susceptible to various factors and exhibit significant fluctuations. As a typical island-based tourism demonstration area, it is particularly well-suited for conducting research on sustainable livelihoods. This study examined the Dianzi, Huagou, and Beicheng villages on North Changshan Island, and the Wanggou and Shanqian villages on South Changshan Island as the research sample villages (Figure 1). The research area selected for this study is located near the scenic spots of Changdao. Yujiale has a long history and involves numerous operators, making it an ideal case for illustrating the impact of rural tourism development on farmers’ livelihoods.
Three trips to Changdao were conducted during the periods from October 9 to 15, 2021, May 5 to 11, 2022, and July 11 to 15, 2022. The participatory rural assessment method, involving questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews with farmers in the case area, was employed to collect basic data on the farmers’ livelihoods. Additionally, local government departments and official websites were accessed to query and collect relevant basic data.
The interview content included in a survey based on a summary of the relevant literature and field research. The final revision was provided by a research group that included multiple tourism experts. Regarding the research subjects, farmers from five villages were selected using the zoning sampling strategy. A total of 296 questionnaires were randomly distributed to the participants. The survey lasted approximately 25-40 min, and each questionnaire was numbered. Incomplete questionnaires were discarded, resulting in 278 valid questionnaires, for an effective rate of 93.92%. Table 1 shows the basic demographic information of the peasant households included in this study.
Table 1 Household information of the surveyed farmers
Variable Percentage (%)
Gender
Male 45.39
Female 54.61
Educational level
Below primary school 0.65
Primary school 10.82
Junior high school 32.46
Senior high school 30.82
College or higher degree 25.25
Family size (people)
2 16.22
3 21.63
4 22.97
5 22.97
6 8.11
≥7 8.10
Family labor category
Full labor force 74.67
Half-labor force 13.49
Non-labor force 11.84
Annual per capita disposable income (million yuan)
0-0.10 29.73
0.11-0.20 30.38
0.21-0.30 27.03
0.31-0.40 5.07
0.41-0.50 4.03
More than 0.50 3.76

Note: The full labor force comprises adults capable of engaging in all types of labor, half-labor refers to children and the elderly who can perform simple tasks, and the non-labor force includes children who are too young to work or the elderly who are too old to work.

3 Research method

3.1 Qualitative analysis: Grounded coding

Grounded Theory was proposed in 1967 (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). It is a qualitative research method that gradually encodes the original data (i.e., induction and refinement) and forms a theory. Grounded coding includes three levels of open, axial, and selective (Sun, 2011). This three-level coding is the core and key process for analyzing the original data and ultimately forming the theory. Open coding conceptualizes and extracts the words and sentences from the interview text to form related concepts and initial categories, then the relationships between the concepts are established using Axial Coding, and the subcategories and main categories are integrated. Lastly, selective coding was employed to address the relationships between the main categories, and the core categories were determined.

3.2 Quantitative analysis

3.2.1 Comprehensive measurement model of farmers’ livelihood capital integrating ‘information capital’

The entropy method was employed to determine the weight of each index, then the livelihood capital index was calculated to evaluate the livelihood capital levels of the Changdao Yujiale fishing tourism farmers. This involved three steps.
Step 1: The range standardization method (Formula 1) was used to standardize the data for each index of the sample to eliminate the dimensional influences. All indices in this study were positive.
${{S}_{ij}}=\frac{{{X}_{ij}}-\text{min}\left( {{X}_{ij}} \right)}{\text{max}\left( {{X}_{ij}} \right)-\text{min}\left( {{X}_{ij}} \right)}$
In the formula, Sij represents the normalized value of index Xij; Xij represents the original data of the j-th index in the i-th sample; min(Xij) is the minimum value of the j-th index in the i-th sample; and max(Xij) is the maximum value of the j-th index in the i-th sample.
Step 2: The entropy method, an objective weighting method that effectively prevents the influences of subjective factors on the index weights, was used to determine the weights of 32 specific indicators and six types of livelihood capital. The specific steps are omitted here, but Table 4 shows the weight of each index.
Step 3: The livelihood capital index Ti of the 32 specific indicators and six types of livelihood capital indices were calculated using Formula 2.
${{T}_{i}}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{W}_{i}}{{S}_{ij}}$
In the formula, Wi is the weight of the i-th specific index; and Sij is the normalized value of the index Xij.

3.2.2 Analysis of the mechanism of information capital level differences among farmers

Geodetector is a spatial analysis model that detects the relationships between a certain geographical attribute and its explanatory factors. It is widely used in studies of the factors influencing natural, economic and social phenomena. This study mainly used the factor detection function in the model to analyze the factors influencing the differences in information capital levels among farmers (Wang and Xu, 2017). The formula is:
$q=1-\frac{\sum\limits_{h=1}^{L}{{{N}_{h}}\sigma _{h}^{2}}}{N{{\sigma }^{2}}}$
In the formula, q is the explanatory power of the factor influencing the difference in farmers’ information capital level, and the value range is [0,1]. The larger the q value, the better the explanatory power of the influencing factor.
h=1,..., L is the classification number of factor; ${{N}_{h}}~$and N are the numbers of sub-regions contained in type h and the overall study area, respectively; and $\sigma _{h}^{2}$ and ${{\sigma }^{2}}$are the variances of type h and the overall study area, respectively.

4 Investigation interviews: Qualitative analysis

First, Open Coding was conducted using the NVivo software to encode the interview records involving information factors. Coding labels were incorporated into the original language expressions of farmers and a total of 50 related concepts were obtained. These concepts were then further summarized and integrated to form 38 initial categories.
Then, Axial Coding was performed. Since the initial categories were independent of each other, Axial Coding sorted out the independent categories for a second time and comprehensively analyzed the relationships between the initial categories to form seven subcategories. The relationships between the subcategories were further analyzed to form three main categories, namely information mastery ability, information application ability, and information development potential (Table 2).
Table 2 Final encoding results
Main category Subcategory Initial number of categories
Information
mastery ability		 Types of promotional media 7
Number of followers 6
Information
application ability		 Internet booking ratio 5
Proportion of internet order income 4
Ability to master live delivery and video production 5
Information
development
potential		 Evaluation of promotional media importance 6
Increasing willingness to invest in network publicity 5
Lastly, Selective Coding was performed for a further integrated analysis based on the Axial Coding. The three main categories were summarized as the core category: the influence and significance of information factors on the livelihood capital level and structure of island Yujiale fishing tourism farmers. Based on the results of grounded theory’s ‘grounded coding’, the ‘information capital’ indicator established in this study represents an integrated system composed of seven specific indicators across three interrelated and inseparable dimensions: ‘information mastery capability’, ‘information application capability’, and ‘information development potential’. The dimension of information mastery capability includes two specific indicators: ‘types of promotional media’ and ‘number of followers’. Different types of media can reflect the farmers’ proficiency with information dissemination tools, while the number of social media followers indicates the effectiveness and reach of their information dissemination efforts. Enhancing the information mastery capability can improve the acquisition and dissemination of information, thereby increasing the visibility and reputation of Yujiale’s operations in the market. The dimension of Information application ability comprises three specific indicators: ‘Internet booking ratio’, ‘Proportion of internet order income’, and ‘Ability to master live delivery and video production’. These indicators represent the operators’ ability to leverage and manage the information resources they have acquired. Mastering these skills enables the home operations of the fishermen to better utilize modern information tools for product promotion and sales, thus boosting market competitiveness. The dimension of information development potential includes two specific indicators: ‘Evaluation of promotional media importance’ and ‘Increasing willingness to invest in network publicity’. This dimension highlights the Yujiale operations’ attention to future information development and their investment and planning for future information capital.
Due to its strong interactivity, the Internet is widely used in the tourism industry. Farmers in rural tourism destinations in Changdao are shifting their traditional business concepts and using online promotions and publicity to share their tourism resources dynamically. This enables them to meet the needs of individual tourists, stimulate motivation in the tourists, increase the number of tourists at tourism destinations, and improve the quality and efficiency of rural tourism on the island. The accumulation of information capital among farmers in Changdao depends on their ability to master information resources. For example, one respondent (W011) indicated that: Compared with the elderly, young people are more adept at utilizing online platforms for publicity, thus broadening the customer source channels; while another respondent (B006) said that: In contemporary times, the majority of guests prearrange their accommodations via the Internet and use WeChat for communication, primarily to gather information on the lodging environment, meal options, and pricing. The accumulation of information capital is also reflected in the Changdao farmers’ recognition of the development potential of information resources. For example, one respondent (H007) shared, “An opportunity arose when a video I posted featuring my hometown of Changdao on the Internet received millions of likes. Subsequently, many netizens began to inquire about local tourist attractions. Influenced by this opportunity, I left my stable job in a big city and returned to my hometown to open my own Yujiale. I believe that attracting tourists through self-media platform publicity is a crucial strategy for the future development of Changdao tourism.” Another respondent (W012) emphasized, “In the future, we will undoubtedly enhance our publicity efforts on information platforms, as this aligns with the prevailing trend in tourism promotion. Failing to do so may result in being overshadowed.” The use of information resources in the process of providing tourism services by farmers also promotes the accumulation of information capital. “During the off-season, our family started adopting the ‘live + e-commerce’ sales model. We used platforms such as WeChat and TikTok, among others, to sell local seafood products and tourism items. The primary customer base comprises tourists who stay at our Yujiale during the tourist season,” explained one respondent (D005).
Drawing from the interview content (Table 3), this study proposed and attempted to address the following questions: 1) How do the types of media used by Yujiale fishing peasant households, the proportion of internet bookings, the ability to master live delivery and video production, and other information capital elements, along with the farmers’ perceptions of the development potential of these elements, impact the livelihood capital accumulation and structure of Changdao Yujiale fishing tourism peasant households? and 2) How do information capital factors influence the livelihood capital structures of farmers? However, the current lack of research and analysis of the evaluation of how farmers’ livelihoods in rural tourism destinations are affected by the intervention of information capital results in misunderstanding of the actual livelihood conditions of farmers in rural tourism destinations, which hinders efforts to effectively improve their livelihood conditions.
Table 3 The information capital questionnaire for the Yujiale
Interviewee Interview questions
Yujiale operators 1. Through which media do you promote and sell your fishing tourism services to attract tourists?
2. What is the number of fans, subscribers, or followers you have on the major internet platforms mentioned above?
3. What proportion of your tourist orders are made through e-commerce platforms such as Meituan and Taobao, or via internet
reservations?
Yujiale practitioners 4. What percentage of your tourism income comes from orders through e-commerce platforms like Meituan and Taobao or internet
reservations, compared to your total income?
5. Do your family members possess basic skills in live streaming for sales or creating promotional videos for Yujiale services?
6. How important do you consider the above-mentioned media to your engagement in the tourism industry?
Village head 1. Do you think information dissemination media are important for local villagers who operate Yujiale businesses?
2. Does the village committee organize training for villagers each year on using online media, such as Douyin and Meituan?
3. Do you plan to increase your investment in online media promotion to advertise the village’s Yujiale services in the future?
4. Do you think the current level of tourism promotion in Changdao is adequate and sufficient?
Initially, this study examined Yujiale fishing tourism farmers as the research subjects. This examination employed both participatory rural evaluation and non-participatory observation methods to conduct a field survey of these farmers. Drawing on grounded theory, the interview texts were grounded and coded. During the study, it became evident that information factors significantly influence the acquisition and accumulation of farmers’ livelihood capital. Subsequently, the concept of information capital was introduced and integrated into an evaluation index system of livelihood capital to assess the livelihood capital of Yujiale farmers. A quantitative analysis was conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the livelihood capital level and structure of Yujiale farmers. Moreover, the significance of information capital in the acquisition and accumulation of farmers’ livelihood capital was thoroughly examined. Drawing on the DFID sustainable livelihood analysis framework, this study developed an analysis framework for the sustainable livelihoods of Yujiale fishing tourism farmers. It further comprehensively evaluated the livelihoods of farmers in rural island tourism destinations. Building on this, corresponding management insights are proposed to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the sustainable development of livelihoods in rural island tourism destinations and rural revitalization.

5 Livelihood capital weight and index analysis under the intervention of information capital: Quantitative analysis

Based on grounded theory, this study analyzed the role of information factors in the livelihood development of Yujiale farmers. This study further used quantitative analysis methods to explore the impacts of information factors on the livelihood capital level and structure of farmers, and the significance of sustainable livelihood development.

5.1 Construction of the evaluation index system of farmers’ livelihood capital in rural tourism destinations with the integration of information capital

To fully evaluate of farmers’ livelihood capital in rural tourism destinations in the study area, this study referred to the index selection and quantitative assignments of previous research on farmers’ livelihood capital evaluation in tourism destinations, and integrated the actual situation of the study area in constructing the evaluation index system of farmers’ livelihood capital in rural tourism destinations incorporating information capital (Table 4). Including natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, human capital, social capital, and information capital, a total of six livelihood capital categories were divided into 32 specific measurement indicators. Information capital refers to the ability to comprehensively apply online publicity and marketing of material tourism resources, and non-material tourism elements such as tourism commodities and services, by farmers in tourism destinations using the Internet and other publicity media in the process of rural tourism. Based on the conclusions of grounded coding analysis, this study characterized information capital from three perspectives, namely information mastery ability, information application ability, and information development potential. Based on the sustainable livelihood analysis framework, a sustainable livelihood analysis framework for the Yujiale fishing tourism farmers was proposed (Figure 2).
Table 4 Livelihood asset measurement indicators for households in rural tourism destinations
Livelihood capital Measurement index Index description and assignment method Representative study
Natural capital (N) N1 Cultivated land Peasant households own the area of cultivated land (mu) Li et al. (2020)
N2 Aquaculture waters, sea areas Peasant households own the aquaculture waters, sea areas (mu) Ma et al. (2018)
N3 Forest and fruit land Peasant households own the area of forest and fruit land (mu) Ma et al. (2018)
Physical capital (P) P1 Total housing area of peasant households Total housing area of peasant households (m2) Su et al. (2019)
P2 Yujiale’s business room area Yujiale’s business room area (m2) Ma et al. (2021)
P3 House type Brick house = 0.25; reinforcement concrete house = 0.50; storied house = 0.75; villas (including wooden villas) = 1.00 Ma et al. (2021)
P4 Housing properties Lease = 0.50; purchase, self-construction = 1.00 Ma et al. (2021)
P5 Number of beds Bed number (sheets) Ma et al. (2021)
Financial capital (F) F1 Family annual income Per capita annual income of peasant households (ten thousand yuan) Aazami and Shanazi (2020)
F2 Diversity of income sources Number of types of peasant household livelihood activities; 1 type = 0.25; 2 types = 0.5; three types = 0.75; 4 or more types = 1.00 Li et al. (2020)
F3 Difficulty of obtaining loans Very easy = 1; relatively easy = 0.75; moderate = 0.5; relatively difficult = 0.25; very difficult = 0 Sophie and Juliana (2018)
F4 Types of financial products Types of financial products such as “deposits,” “stocks,” “funds,” etc.; none = 0; 1 type = 0.25; 2 types = 0.5; three types = 0.75; 4 or more types = 1.00 Sophie and Juliana (2018)
Human
capital (H)		 H1 Household size Household size (person) Huang et al. (2018)
H2 Number of people working in tourism Number of household members engaged in tourism (person) Huang et al. (2018)
H3 Educational attainment of household members College or higher = 1; senior high = 0.75; junior high =0.50; primary school = 0.25; illiterate = 0 Bennett et al. (2012)
H4 Labor force status of the family Full labor force = 1.00; half-labor force = 0.50; non-labor force = 0 Huang et al. (2018)
H5 Number of people mastering crafts and skills None = 0; 1 person = 0.25; 2 persons = 0.50; 3 persons = 0.75; 4 and above = 1.00 Su et al. (2019)
Social
capital
(S)		 S1 Skill training
opportunities		 None = 0; 1 type = 0.25; 2 types = 0.5; 3 types = 0.75; 4 or more types = 1.00 Luo and Bao (2019)
S2 Social support Families including relatives and friends, government departments to obtain “financial support,” “policy support,” “technical support,” and “human support” ability. Each get support = 0.25; all four are obtained = 1.00; none of them = 0 Sun et al. (2022)
S3 Social connectedness a. Number of family members or relatives working in government departments, scenic spot management committees, or village cadres; none = 0; 1 person = 0.25; 2 persons = 0.5; 3 persons = 0.75; 4 or more persons = 1.00 Qian et al. (2017)
b. Relationship with relatives and fellow villagers; very good = 1.00; good = 0.75; moderate = 0.5; poor = 0.25; very poor = 0 Aazami and Shanazi (2020)
c. Number of times the family participates in the activities of the village committee yearly; many times = 1; more often = 0.75; moderate = 0.5; less often = 0.25; rarely = 0 Sophie and Juliana (2018)
d. Years engaged in Yujiale (years) Aazami and Shanazi (2020)
S4 Cultural resource mastery and utilization a. Familiarity with local culture; well understanding = 1.00; relatively understanding = 0.75; moderate = 0.5; less understanding = 0.25; completely unknown = 0 Li et al. (2020)
b. The use of culture in tourism management; use very much = 1.00; more use = 0.75; general = 0.5; less use = 0.25; completely not used = 0 Ma et al. (2021)
Information capital
(I)		 I1 Information mastery ability a. Types of promotional media; very many = 1; relatively many = 0.75; moderate = 0.5; relatively few = 0.25; very few = 0 Ayeh (2015)
b. Number of followers; 50000 or more = 1.00; 10001-50000 = 0.75; 5001-10000 = 0.5; 1-5000 = 0.25; 0 = 0 Volo (2010)
I2 Information application ability a. Internet booking ratio; 76%-100% = 1.00; 51%-75% = 0.75; 26%-50% = 0.5; 1%-25% = 0.25; 0 = 0 Sparks and Browning (2011)
b. Proportion of internet order income; 76%-100% = 1.00; 51%-75% = 0.75; 26%-50% = 0.5; 1%-25% = 0.25; 0 = 0 Sparks and Browning (2011)
c. Ability to master live delivery and video production; full mastery = 1.00; better grasp = 0.75; moderate = 0.5; poor mastery = 0.25; not mastered = 0 Li et al. (2024)
I3 Information
development potential		 a. Evaluation of promotional media importance; very important = 1.00; important = 0.75; moderate = 0.5; not important = 0.25; very unimportant = 0 Plume and Slade (2018)
b. Willingness to invest in network publicity; very willing = 1.00; more willing = 0.75; moderate = 0.5; reluctantly willing = 0.25; not willing = 0 Slabbert et al. (2021)

Note: 1 mu=666 m2=1/15 ha.

Figure 2 Sustainable livelihood framework of island rural tourism farmers with the intervention of information capital

5.2 Evaluation of livelihood capital importance and analysis of information capital measurement

The weight calculation results (Table 5) indicate that the six types of livelihood capital possessed by farmers vary in their impacts on livelihood levels. Additionally, the contributions of the different index categories to the livelihood level of farmers varied across the six types of livelihood capital. The degrees of influence are physical capital (21.46%), social capital (20.33%), information capital (19.12%), financial capital (16.55%), human capital (14.36%), and natural capital (8.18%). The order of the livelihood capital indices was physical capital (0.7659), social capital (0.6998), information capital (0.5459), human capital (0.4729), financial capital (0.4642), and natural capital (0.2921).
Table 5 Weights and values of livelihood assets of households in Changdao
Livelihood capital Weight
(%)		 Livelihood capital index value Index Weight
(%)		 Indicator
value
Natural
capital (N)		 8.18 0.2921 N1 Cultivated land 29.11 0.0931
N2 Aquaculture waters and sea areas 37.56 0.1282
N3 Forest and fruit land 33.29 0.0708
Physical capital (P) 21.46 0.7659 P1 Total housing area of peasant households 16.61 0.1123
P2 Yujiale’s business room area 17.68 0.0863
P3 House type 24.12 0.2549
P4 Housing properties 23.16 0.1721
P5 Bed number 21.26 0.1403
Financial capital (F) 16.55 0.4642 F1 Family annual income 25.67 0.1226
F2 Diversity of income sources 29.49 0.1501
F3 Difficulty in obtaining loans 22.86 0.1025
F4 Types of financial products 21.98 0.0891
Human
capital (H)		 14.36 0.4729 H1 Household size 15.62 0.0806
H2 Number of people working in tourism 21.02 0.0868
H3 Educational attainment of household members 24.61 0.1020
H4 Labor force status of the family 15.07 0.0667
H5 Number of people mastering crafts and skills 23.69 0.1368
Social capital (S) 20.33 0.6998 S1 Skills training opportunities 16.25 0.0902
S2 Social support 11.29 0.0767
S3a Number of family members or relatives working in government departments 8.63 0.0631
S3b Relationship with relatives and fellow villagers 12.42 0.0831
S3c Number of times the family participates in the activities of the village
committee yearly		 13.11 0.0672
S3d Years engaged in Yujiale 11.52 0.0670
S4a Familiarity with local culture 15.00 0.1262
S4b Use of culture in tourism management 11.79 0.1245
Information capital (I) 19.12 0.5459 I1a Types of promotional media 17.63 0.0978
I1b Number of followers 16.37 0.0838
I2a Internet booking ratio 11.57 0.0596
I2b Proportion of internet order income 10.16 0.0668
I2c Ability to master live delivery and video production 14.04 0.0821
I3a Evaluation of promotional media importance 15.30 0.0841
I3b Willingness to invest in network publicity 13.09 0.0717
Physical capital makes the greatest contribution to the livelihoods of farmers. The variety of physical assets and sizes of tourism management facilities significantly influence the advancement of rural tourism among the farmers. As physical standards increase, tourists increasingly demand higher-quality accommodations in tourist areas, so they must adapt their marketing strategies and refine their tourism services to meet these demands. For example, the establishment of high-end villas in Wanggou Village, Changdao, serves as an effective catalyst for the farmers to embrace upscale business models and innovate in the fiercely competitive tourism sector. The contribution of social capital to the farmers’ livelihoods is second only to that of physical capital. Farmers in the Changdao tourist destination benefit from strong overall social support and extensive networks. Local governments and communities continue to enhance policy support and service guidance, thereby facilitating the farmers’ capacity building. Functioning as a community with shared interests, local farmers actively steward the local tourism environment and contribute to island enrichment. Additionally, their adept use of cultural resources underscores the significance of social capital among farmers in the tourist destinations. Changdao farmers are well-versed in the traditional island fishing culture, and integrate it into rural tourism management to innovate and diversify the tourism resources. Financial capital makes only an insignificant contribution to the farmers’ livelihoods. Farmers in Changdao possess limited types of financial products, and their awareness of investment and financial management tends to be limited. The local government’s discounted loan policy provides equitable economic credit opportunities for local farmers, with negligible differences between them. Furthermore, farmers in tourist destinations who rely solely on Yujiale for income face heightened economic pressures due to their vulnerability. Some farmers mitigate their livelihood risks by seeking employment elsewhere, which results in significant fluctuations in family income. Although the direct contribution of human capital to the farmers’ livelihoods is relatively modest, its quantity and quality directly influence their ability to control other forms of capital, therefore forming the foundation of their livelihood. The survey revealed a gradual decline in the significance of the amount of human capital in Changdao Yujiale, with the number of individuals operating in Yujiale no longer being the primary factor influencing its operations. Conversely, the significance of human capital quality in Yujiale has become increasingly prominent. Peasant educational levels and skills offer opportunities for the development of tourism management. The contribution of natural capital to the farmers’ livelihoods is minimal, particularly in areas characterized by eroded mountains and coastal landforms. Farmers face challenges from the limited per capita cultivated land and forested areas, which contribute to a difficult natural environment. Furthermore, natural capital exacerbates idleness and loss during tourism development, thereby constraining development opportunities. Recent initiatives in Changdao aimed at establishing national marine ecological demonstration zones and returning offshore areas to the sea have further reduced the natural capital index.
Information capital significantly contributes to the farmers’ livelihoods, with the top three specific indicators being “types of promotional media”, “number of followers’’, and “evaluation of promotional media importance”. The information capital index ranked third, indicating its significant influence. Owing to informatization, information acquisition by tourists has shifted from passive reception to active engagement. The shift in communication modes driven by information empowerment has become an inevitable trend in tourism development, which presents significant challenges to rural tourism in Changdao, while also offering new development opportunities. Farmers in Changdao rural tourism destinations are adjusting their business strategies, increasing investments in information platforms, and using self-media to effectively gauge the consumers’ diverse needs, and accurately position themselves in the market. On the one hand, farmers in Changdao tourist destinations can substantially expand their tourist base through online promotions, thereby increasing rural tourism and generating income. On the other hand, by leveraging media platforms to showcase and market tourism offerings, they are conducting online marketing, continuously expanding marketing markets, and generating new benefits.
The index system revealed varying levels of proficiency in information capital among the farmers in Changdao, characterized by hierarchical differences in the types of promotional media that are used, proficiency in live broadcasting and video production, and investment in online promotions. To some extent, this discrepancy in operating efficiency among farmers may widen, posing a challenge to the overall development of rural tourism in Changdao.

5.3 Factors affecting differences in the level of information capital among farmers

Based on the measurement of the farmers’ information capital weights and indices in the study area, significant variations in internal development were observed despite the generally high weights and indices. This discrepancy primarily stems from differing levels of information capital ownership among the farmers. Accordingly, this study selected eight driving factors across four dimensions that reflect the local context, to analyze their impacts on the farmers’ information capital using the Geodetector (Table 6). The results show that all eight factors are statistically significant at the 0.01 level, underscoring their explanatory power for the current disparities in information capital levels. Building on this analysis, the strategies that enhance the farmers’ information capital were explored, aiming to offer new insights for the development and management of rural tourism in Changdao.
Table 6 Selection of factors influencing the information capital level
Indicator layer Detection factor Type of influence
Operational material security Bed number of Yujiale X1 +
Business room area of Yujiale X2 +
Economic income capacity Annual operating income of Yujiale X3 +
Number of types of peasant income sources X4 +
Education and age structure Average education level of operating farmers X5 +

Note: “+” means that the influence is positive.

From the q-values (Table 7), the average education level and average age of operating farmers exhibit extremely significant explanatory power, positioning them as the core influencing factors. Following closely behind them are the annual operating income of Yujiale, the number of types of peasant income sources and the number of information publicity skills training, which demonstrate relatively significant explanatory power, so they are the secondary core influencing factors. Conversely, the business room area of Yujiale, bed number of Yujiale and number of years engaged in Yujiale show insignificant explanatory power and consequently have less impact.
Table 7 Detection results of factors influencing the information capital level
Indicator layer Detection factor q-value
Operational material security Bed number of Yujiale X1 0.301
Business room area of Yujiale X2 0.326
Economic
income capacity		 Annual operating income of Yujiale X3 0.489
Number of types of peasant income sources X4 0.458
Education and age structure Average education level of operating farmers X5 0.566
Average age of farmers X6 -0.543
Social security efforts Number of information publicity skills training X7 0.433
Number of years engaged in Yujiale X8 0.297
From the perspective of core influencing factors, the education level and age structure of operators are paramount in shaping the level of the farmers’ information capital. Operators are progressively younger and better educated, so they are influenced by contemporary values in information technology. This demographic possesses sophisticated business acumen, early exposure to multimedia and other information technologies, and adeptness in their utilization. They exhibit a keen openness to innovation and self-improvement, and demonstrate a propensity to invest in information media promotion to enhance their self-marketing strategies.
From the perspective of secondary core influencing factors, economic income capacity plays a crucial role in shaping the operators’ investment in information promotion. The operating income of Yujiale significantly impacts the farmers’ investment strategies in tourism businesses. Higher income levels among farmers correlate with increased investment in Yujiale, including the allocation of funds for emerging information dissemination platforms. This strategic investment can expand their customer base and drive growth in tourism revenue. In addition to economic income capacity, the frequency of training in information publicity skills significantly influences the level of information capital. This reflects the government’s enhanced support for information capital, formulation of policies offering technical assistance, empowerment of farmers in mastering information capital, and the advancement of Changdao’s comprehensive media information dissemination mechanisms.
However, the operating area, number of beds, and years of operation of Yujiale have minimal impacts on the farmers’ information capital levels. Conversely, farmers of Yujiale with longer operational histories often benefit from a stable base of “repeat customers”, thus reducing their incentive to heavily invest in information publicity platforms. Consequently, these farmers may exhibit lower levels of information capital. Nonetheless, research suggests that relying solely on “repeat customers” can lead to reduced competitiveness compared to peers with more robust information capital. This dependence may no longer align with the evolving needs of Yujiale’s development, posing the risk of eventual obsolescence.

6 Conclusions and insights

6.1 Conclusions

First, according to the weight calculation results, the weight value of information capital and the information capital index value are high, so information capital is an important factor that cannot be ignored in influencing the accumulation of livelihood capital of farmers in the island tourism destination. In rural tourism destinations, farmers leverage diverse information resources to enhance the quality and efficiency of tourism. Over time, these resources evolve into information capital, which constitutes a pivotal element of the farmers’ livelihoods.
Second, according to the results of geographical detection, the education, age structure and economic income capacity of households are significant factors that influence the level of information capital. Unfortunately, this leads to considerable disparities that can widen the gap in household operational efficiency to some extent. This situation is detrimental to the comprehensive development of rural tourism in Changdao.

6.2 Theoretical contributions

(1) While the existing research acknowledges the significance of information capital in the development of rural tourism destinations, the integration of information capital as an independent capital type into a sustainable livelihood analysis framework has yet to be proposed. Additionally, the specific characterization and evaluation of the farmers’ information capital in rural tourism destinations have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, we conducted a case study of Changdao rural tourism destinations. By referencing the existing sustainable livelihood analysis framework, the manifestation of information capital in rural tourism destinations was elucidated, and the measurement index of information capital was determined conclusively. An evaluation index system for the farmers’ livelihood capital in rural tourism destinations that considers the influence of information capital was constructed. This study emphasizes that information technology has become an indispensable tool for promoting the development of rural tourism in the new era.
(2) Research on rural livelihoods in tourism destinations has predominantly focused on land-based communities, and the evolution of livelihood strategies across different regions and land types have been thoroughly examined. However, studies addressing the livelihoods of island farmers remain scarce. This study explored the mechanisms and impacts of new capital interventions in the rural tourism area of Changdao, drawing on the island’s unique human-environment relationship and the region’s inherent vulnerability. The goal was to develop a resilient, adaptive, and dynamic ‘island model’ that promotes sustainability and recovery.

6.3 Insights of the sustainable livelihood development of island rural tourism destinations

Rural tourism is a pivotal force that facilitates the transformation of farmers’ livelihoods and fosters sustainable social development. This serves as a crucial factor in mitigating various forms of livelihood environmental risks and augmenting the farmers’ livelihood resilience. The rapid development and continuous iterations of information technology have provided substantial opportunities for the tourism industry. The ability of farmers in rural tourism destinations to effectively navigate these opportunities is significantly dependent on their adept utilization of livelihood capital. Information capital has emerged as a critical focal point for rural tourism destinations to ensure customer retention and facilitate the post-pandemic industrial recovery. Consequently, Yujiale fishing tourism farmers should continuously fortify their capacity to utilize and master information capital. Based on previous studies, the education level and age structure of operators are the primary factors influencing the farmers’ information capital level. At present, the Yujiale in Changdao is progressively evolving towards quality, diversification, and specialization. In this transition, talent serves as the critical driving factor. However, due to the socioeconomic characteristics of island areas, the loss of human resources has been significant, with both the quantity and quality of labor now requiring enhancement. Hence, it is critical to adopt policies that effectively encourage young talent to return home and engage in Yujiale management. Such policies include offering streamlined household registration procedures, support for acquiring business properties, and comprehensive services for business license applications, thereby enriching the Yujiale management workforce and increasing the “rate of entrepreneurial return of college graduates”.
Building on the research into livelihoods in island rural tourism destinations and aligning with the standards of national marine ecological civilization construction, we aim to establish the “Island Model” for rural revitalization in the Shandong region. Presently, island rural tourism is keeping pace with the times by integrating information capital with tourism in a multifaceted manner, using technology to enhance services, and embedding technology to achieve integrated symbiosis. This approach accelerates the development of a new tourism paradigm that is information-driven, smart, and personalized, promoting both rural industrial and talent revitalization. However, the effective use of information capital and the general enhancement of livelihood capital for Yujiale households on islands hinge on the balanced growth of different forms of livelihood capital. Disparities in the levels of the six types of livelihood capital among households somewhat hinders the full potential of advantageous livelihood capital and the conversion between various livelihood capitals, which leads to the waste and loss of this valuable capital. Hence, taking a coordinated approach is essential to ensure the balanced growth in the six types of livelihood capital among Yujiale households. For example, improving the weaker natural capital by using the broad marine resources of Changdao to moderately develop eco-friendly aquaculture could help to diversify household livelihoods. At the same time, maximizing the use of information capital and leveraging diverse promotional channels could significantly enhance the visibility of Changdao’s tourist spots and local specialty fishery products, thereby speeding up the conversion of products into marketable commodities and revitalizing the rural economy.
Throughout the development of the entire tourism industry chain, the government plays a guiding role, which is mainly evident in aspects such as policy, funding, and macroeconomic regulation. Currently, the integration of information capital has had a noticeable effect on the accumulation of livelihood capital in rural tourism regions. Going forward, the government should tailor its policies to the actual circumstances of the islands, adopting a location-specific approach, and from the macro to the micro level, the government should develop targeted policies for each island, village, and household. Due to the differences in natural environmental and socioeconomic factors, islands, villages, and households exhibit varying levels of livelihood capital in their Yujiale businesses. Consequently, the government should conduct detailed investigations and analyze the shared characteristics and specific differences in livelihood capital at the island, village, and household levels, and then devise strategies to improve livelihood capital for Yujiale households that are tailored to local conditions. Information capital is a type of capital that can be readily enhanced, so it should be actively promoted by the government in line with the emerging trends in rural tourism development. The government should offer technical training to the farmers to help them learn successful operational practices and adopt advanced management and promotion techniques. Additionally, the government should explore high-quality local tourism resources, introduce funding and technical support, and provide favorable policies such as tax reductions and low-interest loans for tourism development projects, thereby encouraging the allocation of social resources toward rural regions.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Innovation Project for graduate students of Ludong University.

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