Urban-Rural Integration and Green Development

Optimization Method for Green Infrastructure in Hanwang Town in the Context of the Integration of Agriculture and Tourism

  • CHU Yun , 1 ,
  • GONG Yaxi 2 ,
  • FANG Huanhuan 2 ,
  • HE Yukun 1 ,
  • TONG Shuai 2 ,
  • TANG Sumin 3 ,
  • JI Xiang , 2, 4, *
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  • 1. School of Architecture and Design, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
  • 2. School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
  • 3. Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
  • 4. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Building Energy Saving and Construction Technology, Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Architectural Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
*JI Xiang, E-mail:

CHU Yun, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-10-20

  Accepted date: 2023-03-30

  Online published: 2024-03-14

Supported by

The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1100203)

The Doctoral Research Fund of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Building Energy Saving and Construction Technology(SJXTBZ1709)

Abstract

As an important measure for maintaining the ecological environment, green infrastructure also plays a significant role in industrial development and economic growth. The current traditional green infrastructure construction method is based on a combination of vertical and horizontal ecological processes, but it does not take into account the complexity of the ecosystem or the motivating effect of green infrastructure on industry. This study investigated how green infrastructure can play the leading role in industry while considering the complexity of the ecosystem. Hanwang Town is the most representative village and town in China with the leading agricultural tourism industry, and it is located in the northern part of Jiangsu Province. However, the ecological security patterns of villages and towns have been severely damaged in recent years, and the green infrastructure has not played a leading role in industry. Therefore, taking Hanwang Town as the research area, the data of the third national survey were combined with relevant statistical data. Then, from the perspective of the agriculture and tourism industries, ecosystem services were used as a bridge to improve the recent green infrastructure construction methods, and finally better strategies are proposed according to the optimization results. The research results revealed three important aspects of this system. (1) The optimization method can comprehensively consider the impact of environmental factors, objectively reflect the value of ecological services in the form of currency, reflect the importance of ecological environmental protection with intuitive values,and enhance people's awareness of ecological protection. (2) The selection of ecological factors takes into account the local characteristic industries of Hanwang villages and towns, and adding the appropriate industry-related ecological factors makes the identification of ecological sources based on ecosystem services more scientific, and can also bring benefits to the local residents. (3) The newly constructed green infrastructure fully takes into account the landscape, ecology, tourism and other roles played by tourist attractions on the ecological corridor. There are six tourist attractions in the selected ecological nodes, forming an ecological network space with an agglomeration economic function, and this allows the ecological service function to be better integrated. The findings of this research can effectively solve the shortcomings of the traditional green infrastructure construction methods, and reveal optimization strategies for the problems existing in the current green infrastructure construction in Hanwang Town. At the same time, they can also provide a reference for the green infrastructure construction of agricultural and eco-tourism villages and towns in other regions.

Cite this article

CHU Yun , GONG Yaxi , FANG Huanhuan , HE Yukun , TONG Shuai , TANG Sumin , JI Xiang . Optimization Method for Green Infrastructure in Hanwang Town in the Context of the Integration of Agriculture and Tourism[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2024 , 15(2) : 351 -371 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2024.02.010

1 Introduction

Although China’s natural resources are relatively abundant, due to the relatively large population base, the overall per capita natural resources are relatively scarce (Li et al., 2022). However, natural resources are an important basis for human survival. The contradiction between population increase, natural resource destruction and ecological environment decline is becoming increasingly serious. Among these issues, the problem of human survival caused by ecological environment decline is particularly acute. As the important scenery components of country and village, green infrastructure not only has greatly positive functions in the natural environment of villages and the balanced development of the ecosystem, but also plays a positive role in creating the tourism characteristics and enhancing the images and brands of the villages and towns. Green infrastructure is a combination of various open natural space, including forest vegetation, green corridors, gardens, etc. that forms a complete network system, which can not only provide good natural ecological services and humanistic services, but also play a significant role in maintaining the harmony between people and nature (Xie and Zhang, 2018; Yu and Zhu, 2020; Wang, 2022b). With the continuous growth of China’s population, the human demand for ecosystem services is also gradually increasing. Two major problems that China is currently facing are figuring out how to build good green infrastructure in villages and towns while ensuring that their ecological environment is not damaged and maintaining the sustainable development of the human economy (Garmendia, 2016; Salomaa et al., 2018).
Much research has focused on the rapid development of urbanization in China and the issue of national land ecological security. Compared with foreign countries, the research on green infrastructure in China started relatively late. It was first proposed by a group of scholars represented by Yu Kongjian. In the article “Top Ten Landscape Strategies for Urban Ecological Infrastructure Construction” published in 2003, he proposed for the first time that ecological infrastructure can effectively ensure the residents’ access to ecological services. He also emphasized the importance of ecological infrastructure construction to cities and proposed corresponding strategies to strengthen the ecological environment. Infrastructure construction has opened up a new path for ecological infrastructure construction nationwide (Filazzola, 2014; Coskun, 2018; Benedict and Mcmahon, 2020; Liu, 2022). In foreign countries, as early as 150 years ago, the United States initially developed the embryonic form of green infrastructure. At that time, the research objects were mainly concentrated on the national park and urban park level, and the research object was relatively singular. In 1878, the famous landscape planner Olmsted was invited to take charge. The Boston Park system planning found that if you want to reflect the value of the park, you must connect the parks to each other to form a complete system (M’Ikiugu et al., 2012; Toledo-Gallegos et al., 2022). With the deepening of research on green infrastructure, the application of the green infrastructure concept in ecological restoration, the development of green infrastructure and public health, the value assessment of green infrastructure, the role of green infrastructure network construction and optimization as well as the planning and application under the concept of green infrastructure are gradually being reflected, and this has gradually been extended to biodiversity conservation, land protection, and the smart growth of ecosystem services, which has received extensive attention from researchers (Wang, 2019). However, through the summary of previous research, it is clear that the research mainly focuses on the qualitative analysis of cities as the research object, particularly on the evolution of green infrastructure, research content, etc., but less research on green infrastructure has considered the green infrastructure at the village and town level, construction methods and the relationship between green infrastructure and industry. However, the differences among the construction methods of green infrastructure will have a direct impact on the results of green infrastructure construction (Zhang et al., 2020). At the same time, as a kind of open natural space, green infrastructure can help protect ecosystems and move the surrounding industrial clusters. As an important part of green infrastructure, the ecological corridors can not only connect and divide the space for the construction of green infrastructure, but also connect tourism resources, thereby promoting regional economic development and improving the residents’ well-being (Ferraro, 2001; Xie et al., 2003; Baima et al., 2017; Noroozi et al., 2019).
Based on these deficiencies in green infrastructure research, Hanwang Town, Xuzhou City was taken as an example in this study, industrial structure and ecological resources were selected as the research objects, and the market substitution method, market value method, conditional value evaluation method and other methods were used to calculate the relevant ecosystem service values to identify the ecosystem sources. On this basis, the center of the ecological source was selected as the ecological node. Considering the role of the ecological corridor in connecting tourism resources, the scenic spots inside villages and towns were also regarded as a special ecological node. The ecological corridors of Hanwang Town were built by using the minimum resistance model. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the new method were verified and the optimization strategies of green infrastructure in Hanwang Town are proposed based on an analysis of the final advantages and disadvantages of the new method proposed in this paper. The results of this assessment of Hanwang Town can provide a reference for the construction of green infrastructure in agricultural and ecotourism villages and towns in other areas.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Overview of the study area and data sources

In terms of administrative divisions, Hanwang Town belongs to Tongshan District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The west side of Hanwang Town is bordered by the south side and Xiao County of Anhui Province (Fig. 1), which is an important node connecting Xuzhou with the outside world. The total area of Hanwang Town is about 64.5 km2, and the town includes nine administrative villages, namely Mashan Village, Beiwang Village, Zhaoshan Village, Nanwang Village, Hanwang Village, Huyao Village, Xiyan Village, Dongyan Village, and Banjing Village, and there are 34 natural villages with a total population of about 40622 (2017). There are many kinds of ecological resources in Hanwang Town. According to the statistics of relevant departments, the area of arable land in Hanwang Township is 21.6 km2, and the areas of paddy field, irrigated land and dry land are 4.1 km2, 2.3 km2 and 15.2 km2, respectively. The main crops that are grown include rice, wheat, sweet potato, soybean, potatoes, etc., and the crop yield is also quite impressive. The average yield of rice in the town can reach 500 kg mu-1, for wheat it is about 450 kg mu-1, and for corn it is about 600 kg mu-1. The detailed land types in Hanwang Town are shown in the Fig. 2. Thus far, Hanwang Town has one municipal-level rural tourism demonstration area, accounting for 15.21% of the entire Tongshan District (the following proportions are the proportion of the whole district), and two municipal-level rural tourism innovation projects, accounting for 9.83%. There are eight farmhouses, accounting for 17.3%, five municipal-level ecological parks, accounting for 17.56%, and three provincial-level eco-tourism resorts, accounting for 9.73%. An analysis of these relevant data shows that the integrated development level of agriculture and tourism in Hanwang Town is more prominent in the Tongshan area (Dong et al., 2021).
Fig. 1 Location of Hanwang Town
Fig. 2 Types of land use in Hanwang Town in 2021
The data involved in this study mainly include the following four aspects.
(1) Field survey data. The field survey data in the study can be mainly divided into three parts. The first part involved the calibration of the current land use situation in Hanwang Town. The natural resource image data were obtained through on-site shooting, and the actual image data obtained was imported into the ArcGIS platform for data calibration. The second part involved the field investigation on the value of agricultural products, by asking local residents and relevant departments to obtain relevant product prices. The last part involved the survey on ecotourism, which was mainly carried out in the form of questionnaires distributed locally. The data obtained mainly include the age, gender, tourist destination, the average length of stay in each scenic spot, the cost of tourism consumption and other aspects.
(2) The third national land survey data. The data of the third national land survey of Hanwang Town in 2019 provided by Xuzhou Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning were selected as the land use status data of Hanwang Town. The CGCS2000 3 Degree GK Zone 39 coordinate system was used, and the land use data were corrected against Landsat 8 satellite imagery to ensure data timeliness. The local research involving the fuzzy boundary range was manually adjusted after field investigation and measurement to ensure the accuracy of the boundary range of Hanwang Town.
(3) Statistical yearbook data. The social and economic status quo, unit price of agricultural and forest products and other relevant data in the study were all taken from relevant statistical yearbooks, “2021 Xuzhou National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin”, and “Xuzhou Fourth National Economic Census Bulletin”.
(4) Government related work reports. The data on air pollution and meteorological monitoring came from the “2021 Government Information Disclosure Annual Report of the Meteorological Department of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province” provided by the Xuzhou Meteorological Bureau. The relevant data on forest area came from the Tongshan District Forestry and Grassland Bureau report “2021 Xuzhou Tongshan District Forestry and Grassland Bureau Government Information Disclosure Work Annual Report”. The relevant information on industrial development came from the “2021 Hanwang Town Government Annual Work Report” provided by the Hanwang Town People’s Government. Tourism-related data were mainly from “Tongshan District Tourism Bureau 2021 Annual Work Report” provided by the Tongshan District Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau.

2.2 Research methods

2.2.1 Construction of the ecosystem service value evaluation model

Based on the indicators of previous research and combined with the local policy orientation, this study extracted the indicators that have the greatest impact on Hanwang Town as the ecosystem service indicators. These indicators include water conservation, soil retention, climate regulation and other indicators. The specific ecosystem service value evaluation system that was constructed is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Ecosystem service value accounting system
Criterion layer Indicator layer Accounting item Material quality index Value indicator
Direct function High value-added agricultural products High additional crops: high-quality rice, strong wheat High additional agricultural products, high-quality rice, strong wheat yields High value-added agricultural products, high-quality rice, strong wheat value
Indirect
function
Carbon fixation and oxygen release Fix carbon dioxide, release oxygen Carbon fixation and oxygen release Carbon sequestration and oxygen
release value
Soil conservation Reduce non-point source pollution nitrogen and phosphorus Reduce nitrogen and phosphorus production from non-point source pollution Reduce the value of nitrogen and phosphorus in non-point source
pollution
Climate regulation Temperature change Annual actual evaporation Temperature change value
Water conservation Maintain water sources and reduce sludge pollution Water conservation, reducing silt area Maintain water value and reduce sludge value
Cultural service function Eco-tourism Number of tourists Relevant value for tourists

2.2.2 Accounting for the quality of ecosystem services

(1) Material quality accounting of high addition agricultural products
The data shows that the proportions of rice and wheat in the town are relatively large, and the high additional advantages of these two agricultural products compared with other crops are more obvious. Therefore, the two crops of rice and wheat were replaced with high-quality southern japonica rice and strong wheat, so that the output value of the agricultural products increases under the condition of a fixed unit area. The specific calculation formula is:
E high value-added agriculture = i = 1 n E i
where Ehigh value-added agriculture represents the total product quality after the adjustment of the agricultural industrial structure; Ei represents the total product quality of the i-th product every year; n represents the total number of types of agricultural products; and i=1, 2,..., n.
The specific accounting subjects are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Material quantity accounting table of high additional agricultural products
Product category Accounting content Related indicators Accounting method
High value-added agricultural products Cereals High-quality rice, strong wheat Statistical yearbook related data (The specific data required is the sum of rice and wheat production in agricultural products)
Potatoes Sweet potato, potato, yam, taro, etc.
Beans Soybeans, mung beans, red beans, peas, etc.
Medicinal herbs Angelica, licorice, etc.
Vegetables Spinach, rapeseed, cabbage, amaranth, etc.
Fruits Peaches, dragon fruit, pears, grapes, etc.
(2) Quantity accounting of carbon fixation and oxygen release functional substances
Carbon sequestration and oxygen release were selected as the amounts of carbon sequestration and oxygen release in the ecosystem (Prager et al., 2016) (Table 3). The specific calculation method is:
E c = 1.62 × j = 1 n N p j × A j
Table 3 The mass accounting table of carbon fixation and oxygen release
Accounting
category
Accounting
content
Influencing
factors
Accounting method
Carbon fixation and oxygen
release
Fixed amount of carbon dioxide Ecotype
for ecotype area
Alternative
engineering
Amount of
oxygen released
Ecotype
for ecotype area
where Ec represents carbon sequestration (t yr‒1); Npj represents the net primary productivity of the j-th type of ecosystem (t km‒2 yr‒1); and Aj represents the j-th type of ecosystem area (km2); n represents the number of ecosystem types.
The formula for calculating oxygen release energy is:
E o = 1.20 × j = 1 n N p j × A j
where Eo represents the amount of oxygen released (t yr‒1); Npj represents the net primary productivity of the j-th type of ecosystem (t km‒2 yr‒1); and Aj represents the j-th type of ecosystem area (km2); n represents the number of ecosystem types.
(3) Accounting of soil conservation functional substances
In this study, soil retention mainly refers to the difference between soil erosion levels with or without vegetation coverage (Woodruff, 2022) (Table 4). The specific calculation process is:
Actual soil erosion:
A a = R × K × L × S × C
Potential soil erosion:
A P = R × K × L × S
Soil retention:
A s = A P A a = R × K × L × S × 1 C
Table 4 Accounting table for the quality of soil retention
Accounting category Accounting content Influencing factors Accounting method
Soil
retention
The amount of soil
retention
Slope length Alternative engineering method; rainfall erosivity calculation model
Slope
Rain erosion
Vegetation area
In the formulas, Aa is the actual soil erosion amount per unit area (t ha‒1); AP is the potential soil erosion amount per unit area (t ha‒1); As is the soil retention amount per unit area (t ha‒1); R is the rainfall erosivity factor, which is expressed by the average annual rainfall erosivity index for many years; K is the soil erodibility factor, which is expressed as the soil loss per unit area formed by the unit rainfall erosivity in the standard area; L is the slope length factor (dimensionless); S is the slope factor (dimensionless); and C is the plant cover factor (dimensionless).
For the calculation of rainfall erosivity factor R:
R = k = 1 24 R k ¯
R k ¯ = 1 n i = 1 n j = 0 m α × P i j k 1.7265
where R is the rainfall erosivity factor (MJ mm ha‒1 h‒1 yr‒1); and the average value of Rk is the semi-monthly average rainfall erosivity (MJ mm ha‒1 h‒1 yr‒1); Pi,j,v are the precipitation on the j(j=0, 1, …, x) th erosive precipitation day (the daily precipitation is not less than 12 mm) in the fifth and a half months of the i(i=1, 2, …, n) year (a year is divided into 24 and a half months). If there is no erosive precipitation, then Pi,j,v =0; α is the parameter, α=0.3937 in warm season and α=0.3101 in cold season; soil erodibility factor K as:
K = 0.1383 + 0.51575 × K E P I C × 0.1317
where K is the soil erodibility factor, which is expressed as the unit rainfall erosivity under the standard plot amount of soil loss in site area; KEPIC represents the soil erosion factor before correction.
(4) Quality accounting of water conservation functional substances
The quality of water resources is mainly related to the local climate, precipitation, surface water velocity, forest vegetation and other indicators. In this study, the water balance equation was used to calculate the quality of water conservation materials (Costanza et al., 1998) (Table 5). The specific calculation formula is:
T Q = i = 1 n P i E T i × A i
Table 5 Water source conservation quality accounting table
Accounting category Accounting content Influencing
factors
Accounting method
Water
conservation
Quality of water
resources
Precipitation Fitting Budyko curve with water balance equation
Water evaporation
Surface water velocity
Vegetation area
where TQ represents the quality of water source conservation (m3); Pi represents the rainfall (mm); ETi represents the water evaporation (mm); Ai represents the actual area of the i-th ecosystem (m2); and n is the total number of ecosystem types within the study area (number).
Many different factors affect the actual evaporation of water sources in the study area, which are mainly reflected in the local climatic conditions, soil type, texture, and vegetation coverage. The curve empirical formula was used to calculate it as:
A E T x j P x = 1 + ω x R x j 1 + ω x R x j + 1 R x j
R x j = K x j × E T o x P x
where Rxj represents the dryness index (dimensionless); ω x represents the ratio of water evaporation to rainfall; ETox represents the annual potential evapotranspiration; Kxj represents the corrected potential evapotranspiration coefficient of vegetation; Px represents the annual precipitation of unit x; AETxj is the actual annual evaporation per unit area of land use type on grid unit x.
(5) Quantity accounting of climate-adjusting functional substances
In this study, the energy consumed by the ecosystem to reduce temperature and increase humidity was used as the amount of material for climate regulation (Xie et al., 2001) (Table 6). The specific calculation formula is:
Q c = Q p + Q w
Table 6 Accounting table for the quality of climate regulators
Accounting category Accounting content Influencing factors Accounting method
Climate regulation Lower air temperature Temperature Alternative engineering
Environmental humidity
Increase air humidity Types of ecotypes
The area of each ecological type
where Qc represents the total energy consumption of ecosystem transpiration (kW h); Qp represents the total energy consumption of plant transpiration (kW h); and Qw represents the total energy consumption of water surface evaporation (kW h). Plant transpiration mainly includes the energy consumed by plants in forest and grassland ecosystems.
Q p = i 3 G P P × S i × d × 10 6 3600 × R
where GPP represents the heat consumed by transpiration per unit area of each ecosystem (kJ m‒2 d‒1); Si represents the corresponding area of different ecosystems (km2); R represents the air-conditioning energy efficiency ratio (3.0); d represents the number of days the air conditioner is open (d); and i represents the number of ecosystem types.
The formula for calculating the total energy consumption Qw of water surface evaporation is:
Q w = E q × q × 10 3 3600 + E q × γ
where Eq is the amount of evaporation on the water surface (kW h); q is the heat consumed by evaporating 1 gram of water (J g‒1); and γ is the charge consumed by converting 1 cubic meter of water into steam (kW h).
Relevant publications provided values for the transpiration heat absorption per unit area of woodland, grassland and shrubs of 2837.27 kJ m‒2 d‒1, 969.83 kJ m‒2 d‒1, and 1300.95 kJ m‒2 d‒1, respectively (Fu et al., 2015).
(6) Quality accounting of ecotourism functional substances
As a characteristic eco-tourism village and town, Hanwang Town is rich in tourism resources. Large-scale tourist attractions such as Xuzhou Amusement Park and Hanwang Tourist Cultural Scenic Area are located in Hanwang Town, and they provide a good tourist destination for local or foreign tourists. In addition, the tourist attractions in Hanwang Town are equipped with relatively complete infrastructure, such as scenery hotels, souvenir shops, retail stores, etc., which provide considerable economic income for the local area and drive the economic development of Hanwang Town. This study mainly selected the representative cultural attractions such as Xuzhou Amusement Park, Hanwang Tourist Cultural Scenic Area, Hanlin Bonsai Park, Horticultural Master Succulent Planting Base, Napa Stream International Ski Resort, and Hanwang Dragon Fruit Planting Base for the field investigation and analysis.

2.2.3 Ecosystem service value accounting

(1) Value accounting of the high value-added agricultural products
This study only needed to use the market unit prices of southern japonica rice and strong wheat to obtain the total value provided by the adjusted agricultural products (Brownson, 2020). The calculation is:
V high value-added agriculture = i = 1 n E i × P i
where Vhigh value-added agriculture represents the total value of products after the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure (yuan); Ei represents the output of the i-th type of agricultural products (kg); Pi represents the market unit price of the i-th type of agricultural products (yuan kg‒1); n represents the total number of types of agricultural products; and i=1, 2, …, n.
(2) Value accounting of the carbon fixation and oxygen release function
This study used the industrial oxygen production cost method and the afforestation cost method to calculate the values of carbon sequestration and oxygen release respectively, in order to obtain the total values of carbon sequestration and oxygen release in the study area (Chen et al., 2022). The specific calculations are:
Carbon sequestration value calculation:
V c = N E P × 3.67 × C M
where Vc represents the total value of carbon dioxide fixed in the ecosystem (yuan); NEP represents the total amount of carbon sequestration in the ecosystem (t); and CM represents the total cost of afforestation (yuan t‒1).
Oxygen release value calculation:
  V o   = Q o × C
where Vo represents the total value of oxygen released by the ecosystem (yuan); Qo represents the total amount of oxygen released by the ecosystem (t); and C represents the total cost of oxygen production (yuan t‒1).
Accounting for the total value of carbon fixation and oxygen release:
V = V c   + V o  
where V represents the total value of carbon sequestration and oxygen release in the ecosystem (yuan yr-1).
(3) Accounting of the soil conservation function value
The soil conservation value refers to the total value of the soil that can be retained by all ecological types within the town area. Its calculation also uses the substitution cost method, that is, the total amount of soil that can be retained by the ecological type converted from the labor cost of the same effect (Liu et al., 2019). It is calculated as:
V s = R × K × L × S × 1 C × S q × P
where Vs is the soil conservation value (yuan); R is the rainfall erosivity factor, expressed by the multi-year average annual rainfall erosivity index; K is the soil erodibility factor, expressed as the unit area formed by the unit rainfall erosivity in the standard area amount of soil loss; L is the slope length factor (dimensionless); S is the slope factor (dimensionless); C is the plant cover factor (dimensionless); Sq is the ecological type area; and P is the labor cost (yuan t‒1).
(4) Value accounting of the water conservation function
This study adopted the alternative engineering method to construct a reservoir with the same amount of water conservation as the ecosystem, so the total value of the ecosystem’s water conservation function can be obtained only by calculating the cost of constructing the reservoir (Duelli and Obrist, 2003). The specific calculation is:
V w = Q w × P w
where Vw represents the total value of the water conservation function of the ecosystem (yuan); Qw represents the quality of water conservation (m3); and Pw represents the reservoir project cost per unit of storage capacity (yuan m‒3).
(5) Accounting for the value of climate regulation functions
This study used the alternative engineering method to calculate the electricity consumption and value required for the equivalent cooling of commonly used cooling equipment and ecosystem climate regulation, as well as the equivalent humidification of humidification equipment and ecosystem climate regulation, to obtain the functional value of ecosystem climate regulation (Forman and Collinge, 1997). The specific calculation is:
V w = Q e × q × p × ε α × 3600 + β × Q e × p × η
where Vw represents the value of the climate regulation function of the ecosystem (yuan); Qe represents the annual evaporation of water (m3); β represents the electricity required for evaporation per unit volume of water (125 kW h m‒3); p represents electricity price (yuan kW h‒1); and   ε , ηrespectively represent the operating coefficients of different pieces of equipment; q represents standard atmospheric pressure heat of vaporization (2.26×106 J kg‒1).
(6) Eco-tourism function value accounting
This study used travel cost and time value to calculate the functional value of ecotourism. The specific calculation is:
U V = C C + C S
C C = T C + T V
Consumer expenses can be subdivided into attraction tickets, accommodation, catering, shopping, etc.; and time expenses mainly refer to the cost of travel time, which can be converted into wage costs by the calculation:
T V = H × W
In formulas (23)-(25), UV represents the functional value of ecosystem cultural services (10000 yuan); CC represents the total cost of consumer spending (10000 yuan); CS represents the consumer residual value (10000 yuan); TC represents the tourism cost (10000 yuan); TV represents the value of travel time (10000 yuan); H represents the travel time of tourists in a certain scenic spot (h); and W represents the wage rate (10000 yuan h-1).

2.2.4 Identification method of the ecological source

The traditional selection of ecological sources is mainly composed of waters, important nature reserves and woodlands, etc., or ecological sources can be selected through ecological suitability evaluation. These two methods are the predecessors, and most of the methods selected in more recent research are based on the basic principle of the “source identification—landscape resistance surface construction— ecological corridor construction” model (Peng, 2017; Chen and Qu, 2020; Yu and Zhu, 2020; Zhang et al., 2022). However, in the construction process which only considers ecological factors, the industrial factors that have a greater impact on the study area are rarely considered. Therefore, this study is based on the model of “source identification—landscape resistance surface construction—ecological corridor construction”. On the basis of adding relevant industrial factors, the corridor can give full play to its role in connecting tourism resources and promoting other resources (Yao, 2022).
According to the characteristics of the ecosystem in the study area, first the six industrial and ecological factors that have a greater impact on the study area were selected, and the ecosystem service value of each factor was obtained through relevant calculations. The factor value data were visualized and analyzed, and finally, on the basis of the above operations, the top 20% of the ecological service value of each factor was extracted for superposition processing. However, because the study area is within the town area, the area of the study area is relatively small. On this basis, the ecological service value of each factor to be extracted was fine-tuned, and finally the top 10% of the value of each factor for superposition processing was extracted and the union was taken to obtain the ecological source. Small but clustered patches were retained and merged to obtain the final ecological source. The specific ecological source identification steps are shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Flow chart of ecological source identification

2.2.5 Construction of the ecological corridor based on MCR

In this study, the least resistance model was used to obtain the minimum resistance value of a species in the process of migrating from a certain source to the target destination, so as to determine the path of least resistance, that is, the ecological corridor (Dai and Luo, 2021).
The concept of the least resistance model was first proposed by Dutch researchers Knaapen et al. (1992). Later, due to the continuous deepening of this concept, Chinese scholar Yu Kongjian introduced it into China (Yu et al., 1998). The MCR (Minimum Cumulative Resistance) model is often used in the construction of ecological security patterns and in the ecological network to calculate the minimum resistance distance between the “source-target source”, and then to extract the best path for energy flow and species migration to determine the ecological corridor (Zhang and Muñoz Ramírez, 2019; Liu, 2020; Gou et al., 2022). The specific calculation method and formula are:
M C R = f × i = 1 m j = 1 n D i j × R j m i n
where MCR represents the minimum cumulative resistance value; f represents the positive relationship between the minimum resistance value MCR and the ecological process; j represents an ecological source, i represents a landscape unit, Dij represents the distance between ecological source j and landscape unit i (distance); and Rjmin represents the resistance coefficient of landscape unit j to species movement.
The specific ecological corridor identification mainly includes four steps.
(1) Collection and arrangement of relevant data
The data required for the identification of ecological sources and the construction of the landscape resistance surface mainly include land use data, DEM elevation data, etc. The acquired DEM data were imported into ArcGIS software for subsequent processing to obtain the elevation and slope within the study area, slope aspect and other parameters. Because the research area is a village and town, the research scope is small, so the land use data in this study adopted the relatively accurate data of the third national land survey. The ecosystem-like data provides a data basis for subsequent research.
(2) Identification of ecological sources
The land types of ecological source areas are mostly water bodies, woodlands, grasslands, etc., and most of their components are landscapes with high ecosystem service functions, which are the key to fully demonstrating the value of ecosystem services (Raviv, 2020; Wang et al., 2022; Wei et al., 2022). Through the evaluation of ecosystem services and landscape patterns by analyzing and sorting out the complex structural relationships of ecological corridors, more important ecological nodes can be extracted in order to construct more reasonable ecological corridors. In this study, the top 10% of the value of each factor was superimposed, the finely fragmented patches were eliminated, and the smaller but relatively concentrated patches were retained in order to obtain the ecological source of this study.
(3) Construction of the landscape resistance surface
The construction of the landscape resistance surface should be based on the different types of landscape resistance values that must be overcome by various species. In the process of establishing the landscape resistance surface, it is generally necessary to consider the influences of both human and natural factors (Yu et al., 2020). The impact of the road is negative. At present, the method for constructing the landscape resistance surface is mostly based on expert scoring combined with land suitability evaluation (Li, 2019; Zhong et al., 2020; Jin, 2021).
(4) Construction of ecological corridors
Based on previous studies, this study used ArcGIS 10.4 software to identify potential ecological corridors. The specific operation takes the central points of the ecological source and tourist attractions as ecological nodes (Y), and the other ecological nodes as the target point set (X), then obtains the lowest cumulative cost distance and cost backlink of each ecological node and uses The Analyst-Distance-Cost Distance tool to simulate the minimum cost path from the source to the target, and finally discriminates the potential ecological corridors in the study area (Zhang and Luo, 2021; Puri, 2022; Wang, 2022a). The ecological corridor itself accumulates high transportation and tourism value, then builds a complete tourism network system, and makes each tourist attraction into a different cultural theme. It is necessary to create tourist areas that conform to local characteristics, such as ecological health care and leisure experience areas, historical and cultural experience areas, outdoor sports and leisure areas, and pastoral scenery resort areas, in order to attract more tourists, bring more considerable tourism income, and improve the well-being of local residents.

3 Results and analysis

According to the above calculations, this study ultimately obtained the value of various ecological services. On this basis, the values of the various ecological services were accumulated and superimposed to obtain the comprehensive value of ecological services in Hanwang Town. Considering the small scope of the study object, the patch area with the top 10% of the comprehensive value of ecological services was selected as the dominant area. The ecological source was determined by integrating and removing the fragmented patches in the region, and through ArcGIS software, the ecological source center and tourist attractions were regarded as the ecological nodes. On this basis, eight ecological resistance factors were selected based on previous research experience and the actual situation of Hanwang Town, and ecological sensitivity analysis was carried out on them. The final ecological resistance surface was obtained by cumulative superposition according to the corresponding weight of each factor. Then, starting from each center point and based on the results of landscape resistance analysis, the minimum cost path from each center point to the remaining center points was extracted. By inputting the landscape resistance layer, a new ecological corridor integrating tourism, landscape, ecology and transportation was generated. The specific operation process is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Flow chart of the analysis results

3.1 Quantification of ecosystem service value in Hanwang Town

3.1.1 Direct functional use value accounting

The direct functional use value in this study refers to the high value-added agricultural products. Through calculations, the total value of high-value-added agricultural products in Hanwang Town is 140.7747 million yuan, the value of agricultural products per unit area can reach up to 45.05 yuan m‒2, and the plaque value is relatively high. The area of is mainly concentrated in Beishan Village, and the specific value distribution of high-added agricultural products is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution characteristics of high value- added agricultural value per unit area

Note: The values in the legend are accurate values obtained through calculation, not the numerical range. The same below.

3.1.2 Indirect function use value accounting

The indirect functional use value in this study refers to the four types of ecological service values, i.e., carbon sequestration and oxygen release, soil retention, climate regulation, and water conservation. The values provided by different ecological types of carbon sequestration and oxygen release are quite different. The value provided by the forest unit area is about 0.68 yuan, while the value provided by the farmland unit area is only 0.31 yuan. The total value provided by soil retention in Hanwang Town is 23.1708 million yuan, of which the ecological type of land provides the most soil retention value, and the soil retention value provided per unit area is 0.8197 yuan. The soil retention value provided by farmland is the lowest, and the unit area provides the lowest soil retention value. The soil retention value provided is only 0.1810 yuan. The total value of climate adjustment in Hanwang Town is 48.7025 million yuan. The ecological type is forest land with strong climate adjustment ability, and the climate adjustment value provided per unit area is 2.0137 yuan. The ecological type with the lowest climate adjustment ability is farmland, and its adjustment value is only 0.4455 yuan. The total value of water conservation in Hanwang Town is 55.7825 million yuan. Since the wetlands cover most of the river systems, the wetlands provide the highest water conservation value, with a value of 8.4366 yuan per unit area. The farmland provides the lowest water conservation value, and the unit area value offered is only 0.5204 yuan. The specific indirect use value distribution is shown in Figs. 6-9.
Fig. 6 Spatial distribution characteristics of carbon sequestration and oxygen release value per unit area
Fig. 7 Spatial distribution characteristics of soil retention value per unit area
Fig. 8 Spatial distribution characteristics of climate regulation value per unit area
Fig. 9 Spatial distribution characteristics of water conservation value per unit area

3.1.3 Accounting of cultural service function value

The use value of cultural service functions in this study refers to the value of eco-tourism. Based on the calculations, the value of cultural services created by Hanwang Town is about 380 million yuan each year. The approach in this study adopted reverse thinking, from the perspective of the tourism resource distribution space. The tourism value of each section was calculated, and then the cultural service value was visually analyzed to obtain a visual analysis diagram of the cultural service value (Scheiber, 2022). To a certain extent, the value of cultural services is affected by the level of tourist attractions and the spatial distance. Therefore, the tourist attractions in Hanwang Town were divided into different levels (Table 7). After distinguishing the levels of the tourist attractions, the importance index values were assigned to different levels of tourist attractions, the first level is 8, the second level is 4, and the third level is 2, and the fourth-level scenic spot importance index is 1 (Ren, 2015). Since the spatial distance affected by each scenic spot is different, and the value gradually decreases from the inside to the outside, the weight of each scenic spot was divided according to distances of 300 m, 500 m, 800 m, and 1000 m. The specific weight results indicated that the weight of 0-300 m is 40%, the weight of 300-500 m is 30%, the weight of 500-800 m is 20%, and the weight of 800-1000 m is 10% (Rayan et al., 2022).
Table 7 Classification of scenic spots and weighting table of buffer distances
Attraction name Attraction level Buffer distance and weight Importance index
300 m 500 m 800 m 1000 m
Xuzhou Paradise 1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 8
Hanwang Tourist Scenic Spot 2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 4
Xuzhou Napa Valley International Ski Resort 2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 4
Xuzhou Henlin Bonsai Park 3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 2
Horticultural Master Succulent Planting Base 4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 1
Hanwang Dragon Fruit Plantation 4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 1
ArcGIS 10.4 software was used to carry out the buffer analysis of 300 m, 500 m, 800 m and 1000 m for corresponding tourist attractions after determining the levels, buffer distances and weight and importance index of the tourist attractions in Hanwang Town (Fig. 10). The Thiessen Polygon of tourist attractions was constructed using the software (Fig. 11). In order to ensure that the influence range of each attraction is located inside the Thiessen polygon, the superposition analysis will continue to obtain the final superposition results of different weights, and then the study area will be eliminated (Fig. 12). For parts with unexpected ranges, the results are obtained with area and weight attributes (Fig. 13). The cultural service value assumed that the lowest (that is, the 800-1000 m area of the fourth-level scenic spots) is Q, and the calculation formula of Q is:
Q = Q t o u r i s m j = 1 n S j × T j × W j
Fig. 10 Buffer analysis process diagram
Fig. 11 Thiessen polygon analysis process diagram
Fig. 12 Drawing after superposition and removal of excess

Note: This figure is a schematic diagram of the process of calculating tourism value, without specific numerical classification.

Fig. 13 Characteristic map of the spatial distribution of cultural service value in Hanwang Town
where Q represents the unit area value of the fourth-level scenic spot within 800-1000 m (yuan m‒2); Qtourism is the total value of cultural tourism, the previous calculation result is 3.80×108 (yuan); Sj is the area of the j plot patch (m2); Tj is the importance index of tourist attractions; Wj is the weight of the distance buffer range; and j represents the patch serial number 1, 2, 3,..., n.
The distribution of tourism resources in Hanwang Town is relatively scattered, and the cultural service value shows the characteristics of “high in the northeast and low in the southwest”. The cultural service value per square meter of the core area of Xuzhou Paradise located in the northeast of Hanwang Town can reach 53.0314 yuan, which is where the tourism income of Hanwang Town provides greater support.

3.2 Ecological source identification

A superposition analysis of the six selected ecological service values was conducted to obtain the comprehensive value of ecological services in Hanwang Town (Fig. 14), and the top 10% of the patches with higher comprehensive values were selected as the dominant area (Fig. 15).
Fig. 14 Spatial distribution characteristics of the comprehensive value of ecological services
Fig. 15 Distribution characteristics of the top 10% patches of ecological service comprehensive value
According to the results obtained from the top 10% of the patches in the comprehensive value of ecological services, the relatively fine patches were removed, and the patches with relatively small areas but clustered locations were retained. After the combined treatment, the final ecological source area was 24.05 km2, accounting for 37.29% of the total area of the study area. The specific ecological source distribution characteristics are shown in Fig. 16.
Fig. 16 Spatial distribution characteristics of ecological sources

3.3 Extraction of the ecotourism corridor in Hanwang Town

3.3.1 Landscape resistance surface construction

On the basis of previous studies and data availability, the distribution of various landscape types within the study area and the subjectivity of experts’ scoring were comprehensively considered, the elevation, slope, distance from water system, surface coverage type (LUCC), precipitation, vegetation coverage, distance from residential areas and distance from roads were selected as the regional landscape resistance factors (Table 8) (Evans, 2022; Mofrad, 2022), and the landscape resistance factors were visualized. According to the weight factors, the landscape ecological resistance surface was obtained by using the ArcGIS grid weighted superposition method, and the landscape ecological resistance analysis diagram (Fig. 18) was drawn.
Table 8 Assignment system of regional landscape safety resistance factors
Influencing factor Weight Type Weight Impact factor Weight Range Resistance value Index source reference
Natural factors 0.7222 Topography 0.3554 Elevation (m) 0.2448 0-10 5 Huang et al., 2019
10-20 4
20-30 3
30-40 2
40-50 1
>50 0
Slope (°) 0.3213 0-5 0 Wang et al., 2022
5-10 1
10-15 2
15-20 3
20-25 4
>25 5
Distance from water system (m) 0.4339 0-200 5 Luo, 2022
200-400 4
400-600 3
600-800 2
800-1000 1
>1000 0
Land use 0.1563 Type of land cover
1.0000 Wood land 0 Zhang and Luo, 2021
Arable land 5
Grass land 1
Construction land 4
Waters 2
Unused land 3
Precipitation 0.0650 Precipitation (mm) 1.0000 0-690.34 0 Liang et al., 2018
690.34-733.30 1
733.30-768.92 2
768.92-812.56 3
812.56-864.56 4
>864.56 5
Vegetation cover 0.1455 Vegetation coverage
(NDVI) (%)
1.0000 0 5 Yao et al., 2022
0-8.00 4
8.00-18.00 3
18.00-28.00 2
28.00-38.00 1
>38.00 0
Human factors 0.2778 The traffic 0.2778 Distance from settlement (m) 0.5518 0-200 5 Li et al., 2020
200-400 4
400-600 3
600-800 2
800-1000 1
>1000 0
Distance from road (m) 0.4482 0-200 5 Ma et al., 2022
200-400 4
400-600 3
600-800 2
800-1000 1
>1000 0
After completing the regional landscape safety resistance factor assignment system table, the landscape safety resistance factor was analyzed. The specific analysis results are shown in Fig. 17.
Fig. 17 Diagram of landscape safety resistance factor analysis
Fig. 18 Diagram of landscape ecological resistance analysis

3.3.2 Ecological corridor construction

According to the identification results of the ecological sources, the center points of ecological sources and tourist attractions were extracted. Starting from each center point, the minimum cost path from each center point to the remaining center points were extracted according to the results of the landscape resistance analysis. By inputting the landscape resistance layer, a new type of ecological corridor that gathers tourism, landscape, ecology, and transportation was generated (Fig. 19) (Yao et al., 2022). The ecological corridor constructed by this approach is about 15.6 km long, and mainly distributed along the river system and farmland between residential buildings, avoiding important construction land. The ecological corridor is a good way to connect tourist attractions in series, so the ecological corridor can promote the development of surrounding industries and build an industrial cluster while giving full play to its own connectivity. Because the types of tourist attractions connected by ecological corridors are more diverse, the types of corridors can also be designed with specific details, such as orchard sightseeing corridors, waterfront corridors, etc., to meet the sightseeing needs of different tourists. The importance division of ecological corridors through the gravity model shows that important corridors are mainly distributed on the periphery of the ecological corridors, and their number is relatively small, but they play an important role in the ecological service system and should be protected. General corridors are mainly distributed in the interior of the ecological corridor, which connects the ecological sources in the south and the north, so that the study area forms a better ecological protection barrier.
Fig. 19 Ecological corridor construction

4 Discussion and conclusions

Since the construction of villages and towns rarely takes into account the ecological functions, historical and cultural factors and other current features with their own characteristics, the landscape is characterized by disorder, which leads to the destruction of the ecological security patterns of villages and towns to varying degrees. The fundamental reason for this problem is that the traditional ecological source area design method often ignores the complexity of the ecosystem. Using the ecological service value accounting method to quantitatively analyze the ecological source can effectively solve this problem, and often researchers only pay attention to the ecological effect of green infrastructure, but little attention is given to its driving role in economic development, which makes the ecological landscapes in villages and towns damaged and the economic development is stagnant. The fundamental reason is that those analyses only consider the impact factors related to ecology, while the impact factors of the industry are ignored. Therefore, this study used the high value-added agriculture and ecotourism as the impact factors of the two industries, and considered the selection of factors more comprehensively. At the same time, while considering the tandem effect of the ecological corridor on the tourist attractions, this study regarded the tourist attractions in the town as a special ecological node, and then constructed a new ecological corridor that combines ecology, tourism and culture. Compared with the traditional green infrastructure construction method, the advantages of the construction method proposed in the study are obvious, and this method can be better applied to villages and towns with agriculture and eco-tourism as the leading industries. While the scope of application is relatively wide, this method also has some shortcomings. The specific advantages and disadvantages of this method are analyzed in detail below.

4.1 Discussions

The advantages of the green infrastructure optimization method in the context of the integration of agriculture and tourism proposed by this study are mainly reflected in three aspects: ecological source selection, ecological factor selection and ecological corridor construction.
(1) Identification of ecological sources
This study conducted a superposition analysis of the six selected ecological service values, and chose the top 10% of the patches with higher comprehensive values as the dominant area. According to the results obtained from the top 10% of the ecological services, the patches were removed while the patches with relatively small areas but clustered locations were retained. After the combined treatment, the final ecological source area was 24.05 km2, accounting for 37.29% of the total area of the study area, thereby increasing the area of the ecological source. This method can comprehensively consider the impacts of environmental factors, and objectively reflect the value of ecological services in the form of currency, so this method also reflects the importance of ecological environmental protection with intuitive values to strengthen society’s awareness of ecological environmental protection. However, most of the existing studies use ecological suitability evaluation to identify ecological sources, which is highly subjective, and the differences in various ecological service functions are not considered comprehensively, resulting in inaccurate ecological source identification results.
(2) Selection of ecological factors
In the selection of ecological factors, this study not only considered the ecological factors that have a greater impact on the study area, but also added two industry-related factors, high-added agriculture and ecotourism. In previous studies, only ecological factors such as elevation, slope, landscape type, vegetation coverage, distance from settlements were often selected, but the selection of ecological factors is not comprehensive enough. As far as the evaluation results are concerned, because this approach fully considers the local characteristic industry of Hanwang villages and towns, the industry-related ecological factors, high value-added agriculture and eco-tourism are appropriately added, and the two industry-related factors are known through accounting. The resulting value was high, reaching 521 million yuan, which has a greater impact on the identification of ecological sources. By transforming indirect non-market-oriented supply services and cultural services into market-oriented high-value-added agricultural products and eco-tourism products, this approach has promoted the development of the economic industries of the towns and villages and improved the well-being of the residents.
(3) Construction of ecological corridors
The construction of ecological corridors in this study was mainly carried out to extract ecological nodes, using the least resistance model, and the minimum path between each ecological node was calculated through ArcGIS software, completing the construction of ecological corridors in the study area, and forming a green infrastructure network system. Compared with traditional research, this study fully considers the landscape, ecology, tourism and other roles of tourist attractions on ecological corridors. Since there are many types of tourist attractions connected by ecological corridors, the types of corridors can also be designed with specific details, such as gardens, sightseeing corridors, and waterfront corridors, to meet the various needs of different tourists. According to the construction results of the ecological corridor, there are six tourist attractions in the selected ecological nodes, forming an ecological network space that gathers the economic functions, thus making the ecological service functions better integrated.
The green infrastructure optimization method proposed in this study, in the context of the integration of agriculture and tourism, also has certain disadvantages. 1) At the operational level. When selecting ecological factors, it is necessary to fully combine the local policy orientation, and extract the indicators that have the greatest impact on the study area as the ecosystem service indicators of the study. This approach is more accurate, but it increases the difficulty of data acquisition, and the calculation process of ecological service value is relatively complicated. 2) At the research level. The research object, Hanwang Town, belongs to the villages and towns dominated by the agricultural tourism industry. Therefore, the results have certain universality for the villages and towns with the agricultural tourism industry as the leading industry, but they are not applicable to all types of villages and towns. Therefore, the relationships between the green infrastructure in different types of villages and towns and their industries need to be further explored.

4.2 Conclusions

Natural resources are an important foundation for human survival, and the contradiction among population increase, natural resources destruction and ecological environment decline is increasingly severe, among which the problem of human survival caused by ecological environment decline is particularly acute. As an important landscape component of cities and villages, green infrastructure has a good positive effect on the balanced development of natural environment and ecosystem, the creation of tourism characteristics and the promotion of village image and brand. Therefore, from the perspective of eco-industry, the study optimizes the green infrastructure of Hanwang Town in Xuzhou City by using the theoretical basis of ecosystem services and green infrastructure, so that Hanwang Town can improve its own green infrastructure, improve its ecological service function and promote the local economic development. As a typical village with agricultural tourism industry as its leading industry, its research results have certain universality for the same type of villages and towns, and can point out the direction and specific research conclusions for the optimization and improvement of the green infrastructure of the same type of villages and towns.
(1) The evaluation index system of village ecosystem service value has been improved. The ecosystem service value evaluation system constructed in this study not only combines the local policy orientation to extract the indicators that have the greatest impact on Hanwang Town, namely carbon fixation and oxygen release, water conservation, soil conservation and climate regulation, but also adds two industrial factors, such as high value-added agriculture and eco-tourism, to consider the ecological factors while taking into account the industrial factors, making the ecosystem service value evaluation system more perfect. Moreover, the ecosystem service value evaluation system constructed by the research can effectively solve the problem of single industrial structure in the town, improve the villagers’ economic income, and promote the local economic income and improve the residents’ well-being on the premise of maintaining the ecological environment balance. Therefore, villages and towns have more financial guarantee for maintaining the local green infrastructure, and also have a certain role in promoting the sustainable development of village and town industries.
(2) The identification method of village ecological source was optimized and the service function of village ecosystem was improved. The traditional ecological source selection is mainly composed of water, important nature reserves, forest land, etc. within the study area, or the ecological source selection is carried out through ecological suitability evaluation. These two methods are the methods selected by predecessors, which can not well consider the influence of regional comprehensive environmental factors and are not rigorous enough for ecological source identification at the town scale. At the same time, there are many human interference factors in the process of selecting ecological source, which can’t guarantee the objectivity of ecological source identification results. This study is based on the data of the third national land use survey, and makes a detailed accounting of the ecosystem service value in Hanwang town through market value method and engineering substitution method. According to the service value of different patch ecosystems, the top 10% patches are selected as ecological source, which makes the ecological source identification results more scientific and provides reference for the construction of green infrastructure in villages and towns with agricultural tourism industry as the leading industry.
(3) The characteristic ecological corridor of Hanwang Town was constructed to promote the development of industrial economy in and around the town. The ecological corridor constructed by this research not only takes into account ecological factors, but also considers the series effect of ecological corridor on tourism resources. The ecological corridor connects the main tourist attractions in the town in series, making the originally isolated tourist attractions form a complete tourism network, and creating linear travel spaces with different themes according to their own characteristics, gradually realizing the transformation from isolated tourist attractions to characteristic linear tourism. At the same time, combined with the local culture of Hanwang Town, a new tourism form with local characteristics will be formed, which will further enhance tourists' travel experience, effectively promote the rapid development of local tourism industry, and then achieve the goal of improving the local economic level. In addition, the transformation of tourism form can effectively promote the integration and development process of local agriculture and tourism, and realize the double harvest of social and economic benefits.
The optimization method of green infrastructure construction in villages and towns under the guidance of the integration of agriculture and tourism proposed in this study can solve the existing problems of green infrastructure construction in Hanwang Town to some extent, and the research shows that promoting the development of eco-agriculture and eco-tourism under the background of the integration of agriculture and tourism can not only effectively improve the construction of green infrastructure, but also promote the local economic development. This paper studies and optimizes the shortcomings of traditional methods in the process of building green infrastructure in villages and towns, establishes the evaluation system of ecosystem service value in Hanwang town, and establishes a green infrastructure construction method suitable for Hanwang town, which is a village with agricultural tourism industry as the leading industry. Therefore, the optimization method proposed in this paper has certain universality for the same type of villages and towns in Hanwang town, and can provide reference for the green infrastructure construction of the same type of villages and towns, and guide the planning and construction of villages and towns with agricultural tourism industry as the leading industry.

4.3 Optimization strategy of green infrastructure in Hanwang Town

With the gradual advancement of the urban-rural integration process, the green infrastructure of villages and towns has gradually been damaged to varying degrees, and this has negatively affected the landscapes and economies of the villages and towns. Corridors can not only effectively protect the ecological landscapes of villages and towns, but also promote the development of surrounding related industries and improve the local economic level. The comparison and analysis of the green infrastructure optimization method proposed by this study and the traditional method indicated the shortcomings of the traditional method, and on that basis, optimization and improvements were carried out to build a more perfect green infrastructure network in Hanwang Town. At the same time, according to the results of the green infrastructure construction and the land use types of Hanwang Town, the following optimization strategies were revealed.
(1) Northeast ecological reserve (high habitat background, low ecological demand). This area is mainly distributed in the northeast of Hanwang Town, including Nanwang Village, Beiwang Village and Mashan Village. It is mainly dominated by mountainous terrain, and the green infrastructure provides a high level of ecological service functions in quantity and space. It has a large playground in Xuzhou Amusement Park and the waters of Yudai River. The ecological resources are relatively rich and the water source is sufficient. Therefore, this area should be used by Hanwang. In the core area of the green infrastructure development, while strengthening the protection of ecological sources in this area, it is necessary to build and maintain ecological corridors in the area. This will allow the ecological service functions to be fully exerted, and services to flow to the surrounding areas through ecological corridor expansion, driving the improvements in ecological service functions in surrounding areas. According to the land use types of Hanwang Town, the northwest is mainly dominated by forest land and grassland. The reasonable development of tourist attractions or commercial forest land in this area could provide services for the human economy and society in order to generate corresponding value. Therefore, in the protection of natural ecology, while satisfying human needs, reasonable tourism development can not only enhance the local image, but also enhance the cultural value of the ecosystem, thereby enhancing the human awareness of ecological protection.
(2) Ecological agriculture area in the northwest (medium habitat background, low ecological demand). This area is mainly distributed in the northwest of Hanwang Town, including Zhaoshan Village and Huyao Village. The terrain of this area is relatively flat, the intensity of land development is low, the proportion of ecological land such as grass and forest land is low, the proportion of agricultural land is relatively high, and the economy is relatively lagging behind, so it is suitable for ecological agriculture as the main development direction. On the premise of maintaining the balanced development of the regional economy, vigorously promoting the development of ecological agriculture can not only improve the level of regional economic development, but also meet the multi-level pursuit of human beings for spiritual culture. Currently, farmhouses and agricultural sightseeing villages have gradually become the leisure methods favored by many people. Therefore, the construction of ecological agriculture has a certain positive impact on the improvement of the value of cultural services.
(3) Central construction area (low habitat background, high ecological demand). This area is mainly distributed in the middle of Hanwang Town, including the direct subordinate of Hanwang Town and Hanwang Village. The terrain in this area is flat, the intensity of land development and utilization is high, the population density is relatively high, and the connectivity of the ecological corridors is poor. In addition, a dense population gathering will continue to accelerate the further expansion of the area, resulting in a more urgent need for green foundations in this area. Therefore, capital investment can be used to promote the construction of green infrastructure, improve the integrity and connectivity of the habitat plate, connect the finely scattered green spaces through ecological corridors, and promote energy exchange and material circulation between species. This is an important task of regional green infrastructure construction, which can not only improve the quality of village and town habitats, but also improve the happiness of the residents and create cultural service value.
(4) Southern mountainous agricultural area (high habitat background, low ecological demand). This area is mainly distributed in the south of Hanwang Town, including Xiyan Village, Dongyan Village and Banjing Village. The terrain is mainly dominated by mountains and hills, where the Shard River and the Yudai River meet, with abundant water resources and a high proportion of forest land. It has a Hanwang dragon fruit planting base and a horticultural master succulent planting base. The ecological resources are relatively rich, but the regional economy is somewhat weak. Therefore, this area should be guided by dragon fruit, succulents and other industries to realize its industrial reconstruction. Transforming the originally singular forestry production into mountains, forests, fruits, tea, etc., can not only reduce the value of industrial reconstruction for ecological services, but it can also be integrated into tourism functions such as sightseeing, thereby maximizing the value of ecological services by improving the ecological service capacity of the region.
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