The climate of a region, an encompassing manifestation of long-term weather patterns, holds significant importance (Abbass et al., 2022). Traditionally evaluated across a span of three decades, these patterns underpin a region’s climate identity. Over the span of the last 65 ten thousand years, the Earth has undergone natural shifts between ice ages and warm eras, altering its climate rhythm. These shifts, governed by the planet’s energy equilibrium, encompass intricate variables such as solar fluctuations, orbital dynamics, oceanic currents, albedo reflections, and atmospheric composition (UNEP, 2019). However, what distinguishes our exploration lies in the contemporary context of anthropogenic transformation (Olabi and Abdelkareem, 2022). With the planet immersed in the industrial revolution and presently traversing the era of Industry 4.0, an unprecedented surge in human activity has catalyzed global warming over the past century (Kemp et al., 2022). As temperature rises and glaciers melt at an accelerated pace, the terrain transforms. Notably, this dynamic interplay between human interventions and planetary responses has the potential to reshape essential components of terrestrial ecosystems (Xiong et al., 2021). While public discourse often centers on economic and ecological risks, it is the subtleties within the ancient ice cores that truly capture our attention. Unveiling echoes of climatic epochs dating back 80 ten thousand years, these cores bear witness to the intricate relationship between rising carbon dioxide levels and soaring temperatures (Mora et al., 2022). Amidst this intricate tapestry of Earth’s climate narrative, the Himalayan region emerges as a protagonist. Revered as the “third pole” and the “water tower of Asia”, this remarkable mountain expanse boasts an ice and snow cover rivaled only by polar realms (Xu et al., 2009). What sets our study apart is the fusion of historical significance with the immediacy of change (Shukla et al., 2022). In the heart of the Greater Himalaya, climate change’s impact reverberates palpably (Beniston, 2003). As glaciers rapidly recede, the specter of future water scarcity looms large downstream, prompting collective concern (Yao et al., 2004). While the 20th century witnessed marked climate fluctuations, the 21st century's onset has seen a four-fold acceleration in warming trends (Yan and Liu, 2014). Yet, our pursuit extends beyond temperature statistics. The symphony of climate alteration orchestrates cascading effects, touching realms of water availability, biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, and global feedback. As snows melt and monsoons shift, as carbon seeps from thawing soils, intricate ecosystems and societal fabrics are rewoven (Xu et al., 2009). In the heart of this evolving narrative, the Himalayan communities grapple with profound transformation (Jones et al., 2022). Agriculture falters in the absence of glacial rivers, compelling shifts to non-primary livelihoods (Xu et al., 2009). Thus, the enigma of melting ice transcends ecological implications, permeating realms of agriculture, hydropower, and the very essence of human existence—from livelihoods to spiritual connections. However, as glaciers melt, mysteries unfold. The ramifications of this glacier runoff dance remain largely obscured, a puzzle whose pieces we strive to fit together. Presently, existing studies rely on conjecture rather than concrete evidence, leaving the intricate interplay of melting glaciers, mountain hydrology, and human societies a realm yet to be fully illuminated (Carey et al., 2017). In this synthesis of ancient rhythms and contemporary melodies, our exploration embarks on the quest to unravel the profound novel realities that climate change has woven into the fabric of the Himalayas (Parmesan et al., 2022).

The Bhagirathi Valley is located in the Uttarkashi District of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is situated in the Garhwal Himalaya region and is named after the Bhagirathi River, one of the two main tributaries of the Ganges River. The parent stream of the river Ganga, which becomes a tumultuous river after it leaves the Gaumukh, is the Bhagirathi River. The Gangotri and Khatling glaciers in the Garhwal Himalayas are the source of the Bhairathi River. The river travels 205 km from this point, through the Bhairathi Valley, until it reaches Devprayag, where it merges with the Alaknanda River. Bhagirathi River Valley in Uttarkashi District extends between 30°27′18″-31°27′42″N and 77°48′26″- 79°24′00″E. The Bhagirathi River is famous for white water rafting and kayaking, and the river trips on its waters are among the greatest rafting experiences available. The Bhagirathi Valley not only sustains the local economy through water-based tourism, but it also ensures the survival of the local population, who are heavily reliant on water from the Bhagirath River for home, agricultural, and industrial uses. The valley is characterized by its rugged mountainous terrain, with elevations ranging from 1100 to 7200 m above sea level. The region is home to a number of important pilgrimage sites, including the Gangotri Temple and the Gaumukh Glacier, which is the source of the Bhagirathi River. The valley is also home to a number of indigenous communities, including the Bhotiya, Jaunsari, and Tharu, who rely on the natural resources of the region for their livelihoods. The Bhagirathi Valley is a region of significant ecological and cultural importance, and its vulnerability to the impacts of climate change poses significant threats to the region’s natural resources and the livelihoods of its inhabitants.

In this study, we aimed to explore community-based approaches to climate change adaptation and livelihood security in the Bhagirathi Valley. To achieve this, we employed a comprehensive set of materials and methods.

Firstly, we utilized survey questionnaires, interview guides, focus group discussion guides, and observation checklists as our primary tools for data collection. These instruments allowed us to gather a wide range of information from various sources, providing a holistic understanding of the subject matter. To ensure the representativeness and diversity of our study sample, we selected 240 respondents from 16 different villages within the Bhagirathi Valley (Table 1). We adopted a combination of purposive and random sampling techniques, which helped us include a mix of perspectives and experiences within our research. This approach allowed us to capture a more comprehensive view of how different communities in the valley were addressing climate change and livelihood security. Data collection was a collaborative effort involving not only the research team but also local community members. Their active involvement in the process was crucial to obtaining accurate and culturally sensitive data. Their insights and perspectives enriched our findings and contributed to a deeper understanding of the local context. In the data analysis phase, we employed both qualitative and quantitative techniques. This dual approach enabled us to examine the collected data from various angles, facilitating a more nuanced interpretation. We identified patterns and themes that emerged from the responses gathered through our survey questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. One of the distinctive features of our research was the emphasis on participatory approaches. Throughout the research process, local communities and stakeholders actively participated. We ensured their engagement and ownership of the research by involving them in every phase, from the initial data collection to the final analysis. This approach not only validated our findings but also empowered the communities to take ownership of the issues related to climate change adaptation and livelihood security. By combining these materials and methods, we were able to paint a comprehensive picture of how communities in the Bhagirathi Valley are responding to the challenges posed by climate change and striving to secure their livelihoods. Through survey questionnaires, we gathered quantitative data that allowed us to quantify certain aspects of their adaptation strategies, such as the adoption of specific agricultural practices or the use of climate-resilient technologies. In interviews, we delved deeper into individual narratives, uncovering personal stories of resilience and adaptation. These qualitative insights provided a human touch to our research, making it relatable and empathetic. Focus group discussions allowed us to capture collective wisdom and community-level strategies. These sessions provided a platform for community members to share their experiences, discuss challenges, and collectively brainstorm solutions. The richness of these discussions added depth to our understanding of how communities are organizing themselves to face climate change impacts. Finally, through systematic observations, we were able to validate some of the findings from other data sources. Observations on the ground allowed us to see firsthand the changes in weather patterns, landscape, and community practices. This real-time data contributed to the credibility of our research.

Some important indicators/approaches in study are:

(1) Climate change adaptation practices: Survey questionnaires were used to assess the adaptation practices implemented by local communities. This included examining strategies related to agriculture, water management, and natural resource utilization.

(2) Livelihood strategies: Data collected through interviews and focus group discussions were analyzed to understand the diverse livelihood strategies adopted by different community groups, such as farmers, herders, and forest dwellers. These strategies contribute to community resilience and sustainable livelihoods (McMichael and Lindgren, 2011).

(3) Resource management and decision-making: The interview guide was employed to delve into community organization, decision-making processes, and resource management. This revealed insights into the role of local governance structures in driving adaptive actions.

(4) Physical and environmental changes: The observation checklist allowed documentation of physical and environmental changes in the Bhagirathi Valley resulting from climate change and adaptation efforts. This included shifts in vegetation, water availability, and land use.

(5) Participatory approaches: Local communities and stakeholders were actively engaged throughout the research, participating in designing research questions, data collection, and analysis. This participatory approach ensured the research outcomes were relevant and valuable to the community.

The high-altitude Bhagirathi Valley encompasses rugged mountainous terrain and experiences severe weather conditions, thereby presenting challenges to the pursuit of traditional livelihoods, such as farming and livestock rearing, by the local community. The rocky, steep terrain and shallow soil composition render conventional agriculture unfeasible. Furthermore, the valley is susceptible to extreme weather events like heavy snowfall, landslides, and avalanches, which jeopardize crop yield and livestock well-being, rendering traditional agricultural practices precarious and unpredictable. In addition to these geographical limitations, the accessibility to alternative livelihood avenues remains restricted, further constraining the range of economic opportunities available. The amalgamation of the harsh environment and scarce resources complicates the development of alternative sustainable and profitable livelihood options. Industries like tourism, handicrafts, and small-scale enterprises, which might offer viable alternatives, demand investments, infrastructure, and market access-resources that might be limited within the high-altitude Bhagirathi Valley. Consequently, the local community encounters difficulties in securing adequate income to support their families, consequently heightening the risk of poverty and economic instability. This scarcity of livelihood prospects can potentially prompt the migration of young individuals from the region, as they seek improved economic prospects elsewhere, thereby exacerbating the community’s economic challenges. Addressing these intricate challenges demands a multi-faceted approach. Prioritizing sustainable livelihood options tailored to the region’s rugged terrain and inclement weather is imperative. For instance, the promotion of alternative agricultural practices, such as greenhouse farming and agroforestry, aligning with the valley’s unique soil and climate dynamics, could yield promising results. Additionally, the encouragement of alternative livelihood avenues like beekeeping, handicrafts, and eco-tourism not only generate income but also safeguard the region’s natural surroundings. To bolster these efforts, strategic investments by the government and stakeholders are essential. Infrastructural enhancements (including the development of roads and the provision of electricity) can facilitate market access and foster a conducive environment for economic growth. By thoughtfully navigating these challenges and orchestrating holistic interventions, the Bhagirathi Valley can chart a course towards sustainable livelihoods, economic resilience, and improved well-being for its local community.