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Journal of Resources and Ecology >

2024 , Vol. 15 >Issue 2: 448 - 454

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2024.02.019

Mine Environmental Restoration

Water-saving Irrigation Technology for Slope Vegetation in the Dumping (Gangue, Slag) Field of Well Mining in Arid Regions

  • LIU Yanping , 1, 2, * ,
  • LIANG Zhanqi 1, 2
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  • 1. Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
  • 2. Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area Ministry of Water Resources, Hohhot 010020, China
*LIU Yanping, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-12-20

  Accepted date: 2023-05-30

  Online published: 2023-11-14

Supported by

The Major Science and Technology Projects of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2020ZD0020)

The National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0504400)

The Project of Creating Ordos National Sustainable Development Agenda Innovation Demonstration Zone(2022EEDSKJXM005)

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Abstract

In the arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China, moderate irrigation is a necessary condition for the early stage survival of vegetation reconstruction in the mining area. Through the method of field periodic observation and laboratory analysis, the ideal state of vegetation irrigation of mine dump slope should meet the following requirements: (1) Neither deep leakage nor slope runoff occurs in the irrigation process, so as to prevent secondary soil and water loss. (2) Soil moisture should be controlled below the safe threshold of slope stability to prevent excessive water from forming the phenomenon of the slump. Through the analysis of the field test data, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Water-saving irrigation system should be developed for different vegetation types and configurations for different hydrological years. (2) Two sets of water-saving irrigation technology schemes suitable for local areas were proposed. (3) A graded gradient irrigation technology, namely the primary irrigation water, should be completed in sections according to the up-slope: mid-slope: down-slope ratio of 55%: 30%: 15% to make full use of irrigation water and avoid slope runoff.

Key words： mine dump; slope stability; water-saving irrigation; gradient irrigation technology

Cite this article

LIU Yanping , LIANG Zhanqi . Water-saving Irrigation Technology for Slope Vegetation in the Dumping (Gangue, Slag) Field of Well Mining in Arid Regions[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2024 , 15(2) : 448 -454 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2024.02.019

1 Introduction

Large amounts of coal mining have led to the fragmentation of local landscape patterns and the destruction of ecosystems. The situation of coal bases in the arid desert areas of Northwest China is more severe. Because of drought and water shortages, coal exploitation has seriously damaged the limited surface water and groundwater resources in this region, especially the wasteland and slag formed by the large amount of waste soil generated in the coal production process (Liang et al., 2016; Li and Gao, 2019). This changes the original mechanical composition and structure of the soil, resulting in poor soil moisture, poor nutrient content, and low biological activity (Liu et al., 2018; Gao et al., 2021). Under the action of heavy rainfall, strong winds, gravity, surface erosion, channel erosion, subsi-dence, landslides, and other new soil and water losses are likely to occur (Guo et al., 2015; Li, 2021). Therefore, restoring and reconstructing vegetation in mine dumps has become an important aspect of ecological restoration in mining areas. Water is a key factor in ensuring the survival and stable growth of plants in the process of vegetation restoration.
Water-saving irrigation is an important measure to promote the efficient use of water resources, and remarkable results have been achieved in the past few years (Liu et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2019; Fan et al., 2021). Good water-saving irrigation development models have emerged throughout the country. Cotton and tomato film drip irrigation in Xinjiang, large sprinkler irrigation in Inner Mongolia, fruit tree micro-sprinkler irrigation in the Jiaodong Peninsula, and corn film drip irrigation in Daqing play exemplary roles in the country (Li, 2017; Lv et al., 2019; Wang, 2020; Yang, 2021). The momentum of this development is sound. Therefore, it is important to select suitable water-saving irrigation technologies based on local conditions.
Currently, water-saving irrigation technology is widely used in agricultural irrigation (Peng et al., 2018; Long, 2021; Zhang et al., 2021; Han et al., 2022). Many studies have been conducted on water-saving irrigation technology for ecological restoration (Li and Jiang, 2004; Rong et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019; Wang, 2021). However, most studies have focused on flat land (Zhu, 2016; Tang et al., 2021), and there are relatively few studies on irrigation technology for special underlying surfaces, such as large slopes and thin soil layers of dumps in mining areas. Therefore, the application guidance of water-saving irrigation technology in the process of vegetation restoration in mining areas needs to be further strengthened. In particular, there are few reports on soil moisture control of remolded landform slopes, optimization of irrigation systems, and adaptability evaluation of irrigation methods for vegetation reconstruction in coal mine construction areas. Relevant technologies must be studied in different regions to improve their practicability. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to conduct this research to improve the technical system and theory of ecological restoration in mining areas, improve the technological content of ecological restoration in mining areas, and promote the development of regional economies.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Overview of the study area

The study area is located in the Yangchangwan Coal Mine in Lingwu, Ningxia. Most strata in the well field are covered by Quaternary aeolian sand layers. The strata exposed by drilling are the Quaternary, Anding Formation, Zhiluo Formation, Yanan Formation of the Middle Jurassic, Fuxian of the Lower Jurassic, and Yanchang Group of the Upper Triassic (Zhou, 2007; Zhao and Wang, 2016). Waste materials are transported by mining cars to the waste dump formed by tipping over and accumulating at the top of the waste dump. The waste is composed of single soil, sandstone, mudstone fragments, clay rocks, and waste dumps, as well as mixed materials composed of different soil and rock blocks. This coal mine waste dump was selected for this study to conduct various field tests and observations. After the coal gangue and soil are mixed, discharged, and compacted, overburden settling forms an overburden slope. The overburden thickness was 30-50 cm. The slope was relatively uniform and there was no fracture or water leak. The experimental area is located in an arid and semi-arid ecotoneon on the edge of the Mu Us Desert. The average annual precipitation is 157.3 mm, the average annual evaporation is 2682.2 mm, and the average annual temperature is 9.4 ℃. The soil is mainly lime-calcium soil and aeolian sand, and the accumulation of soil humus is very low (Table 1). Desert steppe vegetation was the main vegetation in the test area, and the dominant plants were Artemisia ordosica, Caragana intermedia, Oxytropis aciphylla, and so on. The vegetation coverage was sparse and ranged from 25%-30%.
Table 1 Physical properties of slope soil cover
Variable Depth of soil
(cm)		 Dry bulk weight
(g cm-3)		 Soil particle size ratio (%) Soil texture Field capacity
(%)
Sand (>0.05 mm) Silt (0.002-0.05 mm) Clay (<0.002 mm)
Value 0-30 1.45 31.66 64.52 3.82 Sandy loam 16

2.2 Research methods and experimental design

In this study, a method combining field experiments and model simulation analysis was adopted. To study and explore suitable irrigation methods, irrigation systems, and control technologies for the restoration of slope vegetation in mining dumps in the arid region of northwest China, several irrigation methods were selected for research. Through a comparative test of different irrigation methods, a water-saving irrigation technology suitable for different types of vegetation was studied. By analyzing the soil water migration law of the artificially remolded landform slope of the mine dump, the water demand characteristics of different vegetation types were analyzed, and the irrigation system and control technology scheme under different vegetation configuration conditions were studied.
The test plot was arranged on the slope of the dump and the soil cover thickness was greater than 30 cm. After the slope was leveled, two different vegetation allocation modes suitable for the local area were selected. Simultaneously, several micro-irrigation technologies, such as micro-sprinkler irrigation, ground drip irrigation, and seepage irrigation, were laid in each area according to local water resources. A controlled experimental method was used in this study. Under each irrigation method, different main vegetation (A1 and A2 were planted in two modes) and irrigation amounts (i.e., the lower limit of surface soil moisture was 55% and 45% of farmland water-holding rate as irrigation limits) were used as factors to set the experiment. Two replicates were set for each treatment, and 25 plots were constructed, including the control plots (no irrigation). The slope of each test area was approximately 50 m2, that is, the slope was 10 m long and 5 m wide. There was a walking path between the test areas with a width of 0.5 m, which was convenient for test observation and sampling. Both sides and the upper part of each test area were enclosed with colored steel plates and skeletons, rammed with a hammer, buried 30 cm underground, and exposed to 25 cm. Each unit was a separate unit, and a water-retaining bank was placed above the top of the slope (the edge of the platform) to prevent upper runoff from washing out and damaging the unit. Simultaneously, to prevent groundwater infiltration of different irrigation methods and reduce the mutual influence of each test treatment, an isolation buffer zone was set up between each test field, and corresponding water isolation measures were taken, namely, laying impermeable film in the buffer zone. Vegetation allocation mode A1 is Agropyron cristatum and Melilotus officinalis; vegetation allocation mode A2 is Agropyron cristatum and Caragana korshinskii. During the experiment, dynamic changes in the soil water, soil physical and chemical properties, effective rainfall, vegetation growth index, irrigation amount, and irrigation process were continuously observed. The test plot layout and site photographs are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1, respectively.
Table 2 Test plot layout
Vegetation allocation Repeat Irrigation method Irrigation requirement
W1 (55% of the
field capacity)		 W2 (45% of the field capacity)
A1 1 P PA1W1 PA1W2
D DA1W1 DA1W2
S SA1W1 SA1W2
2 P RPA1W1 RPA1W2
D RDA1W1 RDA1W2
S RSA1W1 RSA1W2
A2 1 P PA2W1 PA2W2
D DA2W1 DA2W2
S SA2W1 SA2W2
2 P RPA2W1 RPA2W2
D RDA2W1 RDA2W2
S RSA2W1 RSA2W2
C

Note: A1-Vegetation allocation mode 1; A2-Vegetation allocation mode 2; P-Spray irrigation; D-Drop irrigation; S-Seepage irrigation; C-Contrast, no measures have been implemented in the comparison community; R-Repeat.

3 Results and analysis

3.1 Irrigation system based on slope vegetation water requirements and stability

The irrigation system of slope vegetation refers to the irrigation quota, irrigation water quota, irrigation times, irrigation cycle, and irrigation duration determined to ensure a timely supply of soil water required by slope vegetation and to obtain a better yield under specific local climate, soil, and cultivation technology conditions. A reasonable irrigation system can not only meet the water requirements of slope vegetation in each growth period but can also be combined with the technical measures of vegetation cultivation to regulate the soil water, fertilizer, air, and heat to create good conditions for slope vegetation restoration.
The water-saving irrigation system of slope vegetation refers to the irrigation quota, irrigation water quota, irrigation times, irrigation cycle, and irrigation duration determined to ensure the timely supply of soil water required by slope vegetation and to obtain higher vegetation coverage under specific local climate, soil, and cultivation technology conditions, with the main purpose of ensuring water conservation and good ecological benefits. Its theoretical basis is to make full use of herbage’s resistance to water shortages and allow it to suffer a certain degree of water deficit in a certain lifetime under certain conditions. That is, when soil water is reduced to a certain level, a moderate soil water deficit occurs, which reduces the actual water consumption of herbage and thus saves irrigation water. Because the main purpose of planting herbage on the slope of the dump is to improve the coverage of slope vegetation and benefit water and soil conservation rather than simply pursuing the yield per unit area, a water-saving irrigation system is more suitable. Through several years of field experimental research and analysis, it was found that in the process of slope vegetation restoration, ground drip irrigation and micro-jet irrigation are more suitable irrigation methods. Based on the water requirements combined with the test results, a water-saving irrigation system of different single vegetation types and water-saving irrigation systems of different vegetation configurations under different hydrological years was developed (see Tables 3-5).
Table 3 Irrigation systems of single vegetation in different hydrological years
Vegetation Irrigation form Hydrological year Single irrigation
quota (m3 ha-1)		 Irrigation
frequency		 Irrigation quota
(m3 ha-1)		 Irrigation time
Leguminous herb Drip irrigation Middle year (P=50%) 230-250 6 1380-1500 Seedling stage, tillering, jointing, flowering, maturity
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 290-310 7 2030-2170
Drip irrigation Dry year (P=75%) 230-250 7 1610-1750
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 290-310 8 2320-2480
Grass herb Drip irrigation Middle year (P=50%) 230-250 7 1610-1750 Seedling stage, bolting, branching, flowering, pod bearing
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 290-310 8 2320-2480
Drip irrigation Dry year (P=75%) 230-250 9 2070-2250
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 290-310 10 2900-3100
Shrubs and
subshrubs		 Drip irrigation Middle year (P=50%) 290-310 4 1160-1240 Greening, leaf spreading, new branches forming, flowering, fruit ripening
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 330-350 5 1650-1750
Drip irrigation Dry year (P=75%) 290-310 5 1450-1550
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 330-350 6 1980-2100

Note: The fourth column is the irrigation water amount per unit area per time, and the sixth column is the irrigation water amount for the entire growing season. The same below.

Table 4 Grass-grass configuration micro-irrigation system
Vegetation Micro-irrigation form Hydrological year Single irrigation quota (m3 ha-1) Irrigation frequency Irrigation quota (m3 ha-1)
Grass + grass Drip irrigation Middle year (P=50%) 210 9 1890
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 270 10 2700
Drip irrigation Dry year (P=75%) 210 11 2310
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 270 12 3240
Table 5 Grass-bush configuration micro-irrigation system
Vegetation Micro-irrigation form Hydrological year Single irrigation quota (m3 ha-1) Irrigation frequency Irrigation quota (m3 ha-1)
Grass + bush Drip irrigation Middle year (P=50%) 210 10 2100
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 270 11 2970
Drip irrigation Dry year (P=75%) 210 12 2520
Micro-sprinkler irrigation 270 13 3510

3.2 Water-saving irrigation technology scheme

Based on several years of experimental research, two sets of water-saving irrigation technology schemes suitable for the locals were proposed.
Water-saving irrigation technology Scheme 1: Irrigation forms are determined according to plant type, planting method, plant configuration pattern, remolding landform type, and water source conditions. When local greening is dominated by trees and shrubs and the land type is a flat or gentle slope, it is appropriate to adopt small pipe outflow irrigation or low-pressure pipeline irrigation. The irrigable area is determined by the water supply of the water source, and the pipe network layout of the irrigation system is determined. The minimum power of the irrigation system is determined according to the height difference of the terrain, the minimum pressure requirement of the end emitter of the pipe network, the hydraulic loss of the pipe network, the monitoring mode, and the power demand of the control system. The irrigation systems mainly include the ground irrigation, control, power systems, etc.
Water-saving irrigation technology Scheme 2: Irrigation forms are determined according to planting plant type, planting method, plant configuration pattern, re-plastic landform type, and water source conditions. For the special underlying surface of the large slope and thin soil layer in the cut land, when local greening is mainly composed of herbs or shrubs, ground drip irrigation or micro-jet irrigation technology should be adopted, which has lower investment costs and obvious water-saving effects. The irrigable area is determined by the available water supply of the source, and the pipe network layout of the irrigation system is determined. When the available water source is groundwater, the minimum power of the irrigation system is determined according to the static and static water level of the source well, minimum pressure requirement of the emitter at the end of the pipe network, hydraulic loss of the pipe network, monitoring mode, and power demand of the control system. The irrigation system mainly includes ground irrigation, control, power systems, etc.

3.3 Irrigation control technology for slope vegetation restoration

Irrigation is one of the main methods of ensuring the water required for the growth and development of slope vegetation. It can compensate for the lack of atmospheric precipitation and uneven spatial distribution of water and air, which is conducive to the normal growth of plants and enhances their competitiveness. For slope vegetation, hot and rain-free summers were the largest test. Because of the thin soil layer or substrate on the slope, water storage is limited; therefore, irrigation is the primary method for daily maintenance. When irrigating slope green vegetation, we should do the following:
(1) Micro-irrigation should be selected as the irrigation method. Micro-irrigation is a fine and efficient water-saving irrigation technology with the characteristics of water saving, energy saving, and strong adaptability. Irrigation can be combined with fertilization at the same time, and the irrigation efficiency is relatively high, generally reaching more than 90%. The flow rate of the micro-irrigation irrigator is not too large to reduce the size of droplets and prevent slope runoff during irrigation.
(2) Irrigation time: According to the slope vegetation and weather conditions, the most suitable time of day for watering should be chosen. Watering in the morning and evening reduces evaporation, whereas watering at noon increases evaporation but increases the risk of vegetation leaf burn. Watering at dusk or in the evening means that the slope vegetation will be wet all night, the leaves and stems will be wet for an extended period, and bacteria can easily infect, cause disease, and spread at a faster rate. Therefore, the best watering time should be in the morning, in addition to meeting the slope vegetation needs a day of water, and in the evening leaves have dried, which can prevent bacterial breeding.
(3) Irrigation water quantity: The irrigation water quantity of the slope vegetation should refer to the formulated irrigation system. In hot summers, if the irrigation amount is too small, soil moisture is good for weeds and bad for slope vegetation. The wetting depth should be at least 15 cm if the covering layer is thicker than 15 cm.
(4) Irrigation method: Because the soil layer thickness and water retention capacity of the gangue slope are relatively small, the irrigation time on the upper, middle, and lower slopes should be reasonably adjusted to increase the water content of the soil on the slope as much as possible. When conditions permit, graded-gradient irrigation should be adopted, and the primary irrigation water should be completed in sections according to the up-slope: mid-slope: down-slope ratio of 55%: 30%: 15% to make full use of irrigation water and avoid slope runoff.

4 Discussion

In slope irrigation, irrigation operations, daily management, and protection are more difficult because of steep slopes, thin soil layers, poor water retention, and other reasons. At present, drip irrigation is a more suitable irrigation method in terms of soil moisture change, aboveground biomass, investment cost, and operational difficulty. The main purpose of slope greening of dump is to improve the coverage of slope vegetation and give full play to its benefits of water and soil conservation, rather than simply pursuing yield per unit area. Therefore, it is necessary to study several water-saving irrigation systems with a single vegetation and different vegetation configuration modes. However, owing to the limitations of water source conditions, the number of repeated test plots, and the allocation of measures in each community, the accuracy and extensibility of the test results need to be further verified, and more appropriate water- saving irrigation technology needs to be further developed.

5 Conclusions

Based on years of experimental research by this research team, and the basis of previous papers published by the author of this manuscript, the following conclusions were drawn.
(1) Developing water-saving irrigation systems for different single vegetation and water-saving irrigation systems with different vegetation configurations under different hydrological years. Two sets of water-saving irrigation technology schemes suitable for local areas were proposed. Under the condition that no deep leakage and slope runoff are generated in the irrigation process, and soil moisture is controlled within the safety threshold of a stable slope, a gradient-graded irrigation scheme should be adopted when the slope is slow, and the first-order slope and the primary irrigation amount can be completed in the proportion of up: middle: down at 55%: 30%: 15%, to make full use of irrigation water. When the slope of the dump is a multistage slope and the water source is on the top platform, art-flow (self-pressure) irrigation can be adopted. The 1-2 slopes near the top of the slope should adopt ground drip irrigation, and the lower slopes can adopt micro-jet irrigation. When the pressure reaches a certain value, pressure-limiting valves can be arranged appropriately to ensure uniform irrigation.
(2) The main purpose of planting vegetation on the slope of the dumps was to improve the coverage of vegetation on the slope and give full play to the benefits of water and soil conservation rather than simply pursuing the yield per unit area. Therefore, most irrigation methods of vegetation on the slope adopt water-saving irrigation, the main purpose of which is to save water, which can be reflected by the percentage of water saving. For the three irrigation methods, the water-saving benefits were compared based on the amount of micro-jet irrigation. Taking the grass-grass vegetation configuration in medium hydrological years (P=50%) as an example, the average irrigation volume of micro-sprinkler irrigation was 2700 m3 ha-1, that of drip irrigation was 1890 m3 ha-1, and that of seepage irrigation was 1800 m3 ha-1. Drip irrigation saves 30% more water than micro-sprinkler irrigation. The water saving of seepage irrigation was 33% greater than that of micro-sprinkler irrigation.

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