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Journal of Resources and Ecology >

2023 , Vol. 14 >Issue 5: 965 - 973

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2023.05.007

Impact of Human Activities on Ecosystem

Calculation of the Environmental Carrying Capacity of the Civil Nuclear Technology Application Industry based on its Carbon Footprint

  • DU Yuying ,
  • HU Shiwei , *
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  • Engineering & Technical College, Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan, Sichuan 614007, China
*HU Shiwei, E-mail:

DU Yuying, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-12-25

  Accepted date: 2023-03-11

  Online published: 2023-08-02

Supported by

The Key Subject of Leshan Social Science Planning Project(SKL2022B13)

The Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province Research(2021JDR0229)

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Abstract

Civil nuclear technology has been widely used in agriculture, industry, public safety, public health, environmental protection and other fields. As an emerging strategic industry, it has guided the direction for promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, leading to a new pole of economic growth and promoting the green development of industries. From the point of view of the carbon footprint, this study calculated the carbon emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry according to the basic accounting content of life cycle analysis (LCA). The minima, maxima and means of the carbon emission status of China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2000 to 2019 were calculated using SPSS Software, and the carbon dioxide emissions were calculated by the Min-Max normalization method. We then compared the carbon emissions of each type of energy consumed by the civil nuclear industry with the carbon emissions of each of the carbon emission status of China. This comparison showed that the total emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry is small over its whole life cycle, but its output value is relatively large, so it is an environmentally-friendly industry which conforms to the trend of low-carbon development, clean production and green development. These features are in line with the requirements of economic development, so it is conducive to promoting the achievement of carbon peak carbon neutrality. In view of this, in order to further promote the development of the civil nuclear technology application industry, all departments should have a unified understanding, set up a special working coordination mechanism, actively seek the relevant policy support from their superiors, give full play to their own advantages and conduct regular inspections. In addition, we will put in place systems and policies to attract more and better projects, increase the number and improve the quality of projects, promote the “Inner Circle” development of the civil nuclear technology application industry, and expand overseas markets, in order to create an “Outer circulation” highland.

Key words： civil nuclear technology application industry; carbon footprint; environmental carrying capacity

Cite this article

DU Yuying , HU Shiwei . Calculation of the Environmental Carrying Capacity of the Civil Nuclear Technology Application Industry based on its Carbon Footprint[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2023 , 14(5) : 965 -973 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2023.05.007

1 Introduction

In the Keynote Report on the Development of China’s Civil Nuclear Technology Industry on Oct. 18, 2018, civil nuclear technology was known as the light industry of the nuclear industry. In accordance with Made in China 2025, the National Development Plan for Strategic Emerging Industries during the “13th Five-Year Plan”, the Medium- and Long-term Development Plan for Medical Isotopes (2021-2035) and the Nuclear Industry Development Plan during the “13th Five-Year Plan”, the civil nuclear technology industry is listed as a high and new technology industry, and it is supported. With the acceleration of industrialization, civil nuclear technology is widely used for many fields (such as public safety, public health and environmental protection), and has achieved good social and economic benefits (Liu, 2018). The industrial development and environmental coordinated development of the application industry of civil nuclear technology, which is the focus of attention and development of the industry, have become the focus of attention from all sectors of society. However, two key questions have emerged: What is the impact of industrial development on the environment? Can the environment support the great development of the industry? The environmental carrying capacity of the civil nuclear technology application industry is mainly discussed here from the perspective of carbon emissions. Carbon emissions in the process of industrial development have their own footprints to follow. The verification method for the carbon footprint is being explored, the carbon footprint identification and certification system is being conducted, and reducing the carbon footprint of the industrial chain is being advocated in some regions now. Therefore, this study analyzes the carbon emissions of the civil nuclear technology application industry from the perspective of the carbon footprint in order to analyze whether the development of this industry is environmentally friendly.
On 22nd March 2022, reducing the carbon footprint of the energy industry chain was proposed in the Modern Energy System Planning during the “14th Five-Year Plan”, which was printed and issued by National Development and Reform Commission and National Energy Administration. On the September 14, strengthening the implementation of evaluation standards for green products and establishing the full life cycle carbon emission database of key products was proposed in the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan of “Three Products” for the Raw Materials Industry, which was published jointly by the General Office of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Office of State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission for the State Council, the General Office of State Administration for Market Regulation and the General Office of China National Intellectual Property Administration. At present, the carbon footprint verification methods are being explored, the verification records are being implemented and the carbon footprint identification and certification system is being constructed in some regions. For example, the Chengdu Municipal Bureau of Commerce has printed and issued the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Policies and Measures for Promoting High-quality Foreign Trade Development in 2022 in Chengdu to support Chengdu export enterprises in carrying out carbon footprint verification. Full support for verification, certification and related service fees is provided when a carbon footprint verification certificate or report is obtained, and a reward of 50000 yuan is given for goods with a carbon footprint verification certificate or report for every new export amount of 1 million yuan. The Work Plan for Establishing the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Carbon Footprint Identification and Certification To Promote Green and Low-carbon Development, which was printed and issued by Shenzhen, has pointed out the need to: 1) Take the lead in establishing a national carbon footprint identification and certification system; 2) Preliminarily establish the carbon footprint identification and certification system in the Greater Bay Area and complete 100 product carbon footprint identification and certification application demonstrations in 2023; 3) Build the Greater Bay Area carbon footprint public service platform; and 4) Complete supporting technical documents, emission factor data sets and calculation models for carbon footprint identification and the certification of 100 types of products, and 600 product carbon footprint identification and certification demonstrations by the end of 2025.

2 Carbon footprint

The carbon footprint is derived from the concept of the ecological footprint, which is a method for measuring the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are directly or indirectly emitted by human beings in production and life, with carbon dioxide as the general equivalence for expression (Zhang et al., 2018). The calculation of the carbon emissions of a product covers the product and carbon emissions generated in the full life cycle within the relevant range of the industrial chain and supply chain, such as raw materials, manufacturing, transportation, sales, use, abandonment and recycling (Xia et al., 2022).
There are several methods for calculating the carbon footprint (Insight Strategic Think Tank, 2022), as shown in Table 1.
Table1 Several methods for calculating the carbon footprint
Method name Methodology
LCA method The LCA method refers to a life cycle analysis method as well as a bottom-up calculation method, and a method for calculating the product and its process “from start to end”, and the calculation process is detailed and accurate
IPCC method IPCC refers to “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” in English. It is an inter-governmental organization, and its main purpose is to study the changes in the natural climate and the relationship between humans and nature. The calculation is performed mainly in accordance with emissions from energy fossil fuels
IO method The IO method refers to input-output method, and it is a top-down calculation method. The input and output are used for the calculation, and the calculation method is imprecise
Kaya carbon emission identical relation A simple mathematical formula is used to link economy, policy and population factors with the carbon dioxide produced by human activities
The carbon footprint calculation method is mainly used for life cycle assessment in this article. The life cycle assessment (LCA) is a process of assessing the environmental load related to a product, process or activity throughout its life cycle from raw material acquisition to product production, transportation, sales, use, reuse, maintenance and final disposal (Zhang et al., 2018). It first appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and was called resource and environment property analysis (REPA) at that time. The formal concept of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was put forward for the first time in 1990 by SETAC at the international seminar. According to the main conclusion of an academic conference in Portugal, SETAC published the programmatic report “Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Outline: Practical Guide” in 1993. That report provides a basic technical framework for the LCA method. The energy and material consumption and environmental releases throughout the life cycle are identified and quantified, and then the impacts of factors such consumption and releases on the environment are evaluated, and finally the opportunities to reduce these impacts are identified and evaluated (Ceng et al., 2014).
The carbon footprint calculation process based on the life cycle assessment is mainly divided into four steps (Fig. 1): target and scope definition, making a list for analysis, evaluation and finally result interpretation (Xia et al., 2022).
Fig. 1 The carbon footprint calculation process based on the life cycle assessment

3 Development situation of the civil nuclear technology application industry

Civil nuclear technology application refers to the application of civil non-power nuclear technology and is also called “isotope & radiation technology”. According to one definition: “The rapid development of isotope and radiation technology has become one of the driving forces for the continuous innovation and development of new technologies, new materials, new processes and new methods in the national economy (Chinese Nuclear Society Deputy Secretary General-Wang Zhi, 2018). In terms of the breadth of application, only the modern electronics and information technology can be compared with isotope & radiation technology” (International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)). If nuclear power is called a “heavy industry”, then nuclear technology application shall be called a “light industry”. According to the statistics, nuclear technology pertains to nearly one-third of the 43 subsectors in the manufacturing industry of the national economy, and it is widely used for industry, medicine, agriculture, environmental protection, public safety, and other purposes (Wang, 2018). Industrial applications account for the highest proportion (about 54%), followed by public health applications such as health care (about 18%), while agriculture accounts for about 17%, and public security accounts for about 6% (Du et al., 2018). In addition to these applications, nuclear technology can also be used for oil field logging, haze tracing, archaeology, forensic science, aerospace and other fields, and it has become one of the driving forces for the continuous innovation and development in new technologies, new materials, new processes and new methods (Wang, 2020). Nuclear technology application has played an important and irreplaceable role in improving people's living standards and promoting the process of socio-economic development.
Nuclear technology application is suitable for material modification, disinfection and sterilization, nondestructive testing, medical diagnosis and treatment, mutation breeding, environmental protection, public safety, and other uses, based on the physical effects, chemical effects and biological effects produced by the interactions between ionizing radiation (such as gamma rays emitted by radioactive isotopes and electron beams produced by accelerators or X-rays) and substances, as well as an emerging national strategic industry (Liu, 2018).
From the perspective of the civil nuclear technology application industry chain, the civil nuclear technology upstream nuclear technology project approval and R&D pertain to radio isotope tracer techniques, nuclear analysis technology and nuclear imaging technology. The pilot plant test, transformation and production as well as market promotion of midstream nuclear technology products are related to isotope products, irradiation devices, nuclear instruments and ion implantation devices. The downstream nuclear technology or product applications relate to disease diagnosis and treatment, irradiation sterilization and disinfection, radiation induced breeding, material modification, ion implantation, nondestructive testing, industrial logging, tracer analysis and treatment of the three wastes, as well as nuclear waste recycling and nuclear waste treatment in each link. The main output value of nuclear technology application comes from the downstream link of the industrial chain (Li et al., 2009). As for the civil nuclear technology application industry chain, there are reactors, isotopes and accelerators upstream, as well as nuclear medical treatment, modified materials, radiation processing and nuclear imaging. The civil applications mainly cover nuclear medicine (nuclear medical treatment and nuclear medical equipment), modified materials (cable materials and modified plastics), irradiation processing (EB curing, EB prevulcanization, sewage treatment and food processing) and nuclear imaging (industrial flaw detection and nondestructive testing).
No matter how the industry chain is subdivided, it all pertains to nuclear technology, nuclear technology products and applications of nuclear technology products (technologies). Therefore, the carbon footprint calculation based on the life cycle assessment method is mainly performed from these three links (Liu et al., 2023).

4 Carbon footprint calculation of the civil nuclear technology application industry based on the LCA carbon footprint

The carbon footprint includes the individual carbon footprint, product carbon footprint, enterprise carbon footprint, international or urban carbon footprint, and others. The LCA life cycle method is widely used to analyze the carbon emissions of individuals, products and enterprises, but it is rarely used to analyze industrial carbon emissions. This study applies the LCA carbon footprint to industry analysis. In the analysis of the industrial carbon footprint, the basic calculation method of LCA (life cycle analysis) was followed, then the main links in the industry were chosen, and finally the Min-Max normalization method was chosen at the step of calculating the carbon dioxide equivalence.

4.1 Target and scope definition

From the perspective of life cycle, the environmental carrying capacity of civil nuclear technology applications is mainly discussed based on the applications of downstream nuclear technology or products. These applications relate to disease diagnosis and treatment, irradiation sterilization and disinfection, radiation induced breeding, material modification, ion implantation, nondestructive testing, industrial logging, tracer analysis and treatment of the three wastes, as well as nuclear waste recycling and nuclear waste treatment in each link. The nuclear technology, nuclear technology products and nuclear technology product applications relate to environmental demand, energy consumption and environment pollution in all links of the life cycle. The carbon emission sources of the civil nuclear technology application industry mainly include carbon dioxide emissions from power consumption, carbon dioxide emitted during transportation and carbon dioxide emissions from the disposal of radioactive medical waste.

4.2 Life cycle inventory analysis

The civil nuclear technology applications in this study mainly focuse on isotope applications and the application of radiation technology. Isotope application mainly refers to non-power nuclear technology used for industry, agriculture, medicine, scientific research, exploration, anti-terrorism, antitoxin, environmental monitoring and protection, detection, and others. Radiation technology mainly refers to non-power nuclear technology used for radiation processing, radiation disinfection and sterilization, radiation preservation and quality preservation, radiation breeding and radiation-based insecticides (Sun, 2005). From the perspective of life cycle, it is related to the nuclear technology, production of nuclear technology products and application of nuclear technology products, as well as energy capture, consumption and emission processes (Liu, 2018) (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 The civil nuclear technology application industry energy capture, consumption and emission processes
Nuclear technology: Studies on the mechanism and effect of the interactions between rays and substances (such as radio isotope tracer techniques, nuclear analysis technology and nuclear imaging technology) and the nuclear technology are the foundation of nuclear technology applications. The main energy input in this process is electricity. Because some parts of the industry are confidential, the energy consumption of the civil nuclear technology industry is calculated by the indirect method. The upstream production units of large and medium-sized commercial nuclear power facilities are used for the power consumption of nuclear technology, and the average greenhouse gas emissions of the product is 0.0122 kg CO2-eq kwh-1 (Wang et al., 2019) (Table 2).
Table 2 Carbon footprint in the life cycle of civil nuclear technology application
Level 1 classification Level 2 classification Level 3 classification Other greenhouse emissions from producing a unit of that product Discharge unit
Nuclear electric power generation Large and medium-sized commercial nuclear power Large and medium-sized commercial nuclear power 0.0122 kg CO2-eq kwh-1
Hazardous waste Medical waste Medical waste 2272.7400 kg CO2-eq t-1
Industrial wastewater Industrial wastewater average Industrial wastewater average 15.3200 kg CO2-eq t-1
Traffic emission Road traffic (freight) Heavy goods vehicle 0.0490 kg CO2-eq t-1 km-1
Traffic emission Road traffic (freight) Medium goods vehicle 0.0420 kg CO2-eq t-1 km-1
Traffic emission Road traffic (freight) Light goods vehicle 0.0830 kg CO2-eq t-1 km-1
Traffic emission Road traffic (freight) Minivan 0.1200 kg CO2-eq t-1 km-1
Nuclear technology product: These include products with a certain application function developed on the basis of nuclear technology, such as isotope products (including radiopharmaceuticals, labelled compounds and radioactive sources), irradiation devices, nuclear instruments (instruments emitting and receiving rays, such as accelerators and various instruments with sources) and ion implantation devices. Nuclear technology products have certain economic value because they can be used to solve the problems in scientific research and production in various economic fields. The production problems (such as the industrial waste water and waste gas produced in industrial production) will occur in the process of making nuclear technology products. As for the waste water produced in the process of making nuclear technology products, the average discharge of industrial waste water is 15.32 kg CO2-eq t-1 (Ma et al., 2015). Special transport vehicles are used in the process of transporting nuclear technology products. The mean emission of micro, light, medium and heavy vehicles is adopted here as 0.074 kg CO2-eq t-1 km-1 (Lv et al., 2021) (Table 2).
The applications of nuclear technology or its products refer to using nuclear technology or its products to solve specific and complex problems related to scientific research and production in various fields, such as disease diagnosis and treatment, irradiation sterilization and disinfection, radiation induced breeding, material modification, ion implantation, nondestructive testing, industrial logging, tracer analysis and treatment of the three wastes. These fields are associated with huge industrial scales and economic benefits. The nuclear radiation itself does not produce direct contamination residues in this link, but the radiopharmaceuticals fall into radiological medical materials that will produce hazardous waste after use. Therefore, medical waste is calculated as 2272.74 kg CO2-eq t-1 (Table 2).

4.3 Evaluation and analysis

The carbon emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry was compared with that of the whole country (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan). First of all, the carbon emission data of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed (samFuB, 2022). This analysis used SPSS Statistics version 21 for descriptive statistical analysis, taking time as the variable, and the statistical attributes were set as follows: select “mean value” for “central tendency”, select “maximum value, minimum value and mean value” for “discrete”, and select “skewness and kurtosis” for “distribution” to generate results. This analysis continued to use SPSS to create graphics tools and present the generated results in the form of dot plots, as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Distribution of points diagram for the carbon emission status of China from 2000 to 2019

Note: Excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan.

Secondly, the results generated by SPSS were imported into an EXCEL table for secondary sorting, and the minimum, maximum and mean values of carbon emissions for each year in China (except Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) were extracted in the order of years from 2000 to 2019. The sorted table is shown in Table 3.
Finally, in order to resolve the comparability of data indicators, this study standardized (normalized) the carbon emission data of the whole country (except Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) with the method of range standardization, min-max standardization, also known as deviation standardization, which is a linear transformation of raw data such that the resulting values all map between [0,1]. The conversion function is shown in Formula (1) (Liu et al., 2014):
$x'=\frac{Mean~-Minimumvalue}{Maximumvalue-~Minimumvalue}$
where x' represents the normalized result. The Mean is the average of carbon emissions in each year from 2000 to 2019, while the Maximumvalue refers to the maximum value of carbon emissions in each year, and the Minimumvalue refers to the minimum value of carbon emissions in each year. The mean, minimum and maximum values in Table 3 were then put into Formula (1), and the calculation results are shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Normalized carbon emissions of China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2000 to 2019
The data in Fig. 4 show that the lowest carbon emission per unit of China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) during 2000-2019 was 0.26 tons in 2016. The carbon dioxide emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry is about 2272.74+15.32+0.074+0.0122= 2288.1464 kg, with a carbon dioxide equivalent of 0.0228 t CO2 equivalent, which is far lower than the minimum of 0.26×104 t from 2000 to 2019 (Fig. 4). By comparing the minimum value of carbon emissions nationwide from 2000 to 2019, the carbon emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry is far lower than the corresponding emission.

5 Conclusions

The results of this study show that the energy consumption of the civil nuclear technology application industry is low. To analyze the efficiency of energy consumption and carbon emission in this article, the potential carbon emission per energy consumed is mainly used for judgment (namely dividing the carbon emission by the energy consumption to obtain the potential carbon emissions per energy consumed, and then judging the relationship between energy consumption and carbon emission efficiency as per the value). In terms of energy consumption, Jiajiang County with a rich upstream reactor source in China’s civil nuclear technology was taken as the calculation area. Some information related to the application of nuclear technology are classified, thus the energy consumption cannot be directly measured. Therefore, the load density method was used here to calculate the electric power consumed in its place. Based on the Urban Power Regulation Planning GB/T 50293-2014 standard, the information on electricity consumption in Jiajiang County (an especially intensive civil nuclear technology area) was estimated and predicted. The power consumption was about 350 kW ha‒1. According to the data in the Emission Factors of China’s Regional Grid Base Line in the 2019 Emission Reduction Project, the CO2 emission factor of the Central China regional power grid in 2019 was 0.8587 t CO2 MW h‒1, and the power consumption of the civil nuclear technology industry was calculated to be about 858.7×350=300 545 kg carbon dioxide equivalence.
Less carbon is emitted per unit of energy consumption. The result of dividing carbon emissions by energy consumption is about 2288.1464/300545=0.07613324 kg carbon dioxide equivalence, and then the carbon emissions per unit of energy consumed by the civil nuclear technology industry was compared with the carbon emissions per unit of energy consumed by China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan). The average carbon emission per unit of energy consumed was about 0.080, while the carbon emission per unit of energy consumed in the civil nuclear technology industry was 0.076, which is lower than the average emission.
From the perspective of the life cycle, the electric energy or new energy is mainly consumed in the application industry of civil nuclear technology, which is applied to every field of life through transportation after the completion of production, such as working in the form of radioactive rays, etc. The radioactive rays will not produce solid waste or liquid waste, but will only produce some medical waste as the radioactive drugs, which generate a certain solid waste pollution, but the overall pollution is less.
From the perspective of the carbon footprint, the total emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry is small, but its output value is relatively large. Therefore, the civil nuclear technology application industry is an environment-friendly industry, which conforms to the future trend of clean production and green development and economic development needs.

6 Suggestions

6.1 Raise awareness and seize opportunities

The nuclear technology application industry is an emerging national strategic industry. To seize the national, provincial and municipal opportunities to accelerate the development of the civil nuclear technology application industry, all departments shall unify their understanding to promote innovation in the civil nuclear technology application industry, in order to further promote innovation for driving and leading high-quality development. With the development of the civil nuclear technology application industry at Jiajiang as an example, it is necessary to seize the major strategic opportunities for the development of nuclear technology application industry. The development of the civil nuclear technology industry is taken as the “No.1 Engineering” (Qi, 2022), so all departments at all levels shall unify their understanding, carry out unified promotion, and use the fostering of the nuclear technology application industry as the main means for integration into the Chengdu-Chongqing twin city economic circle and completing the most important and difficult part in the Chengdu-Leshan integrative development.

6.2 Establish a mechanism and strive for implementation

Efforts should be made to establish a special work coordination mechanism, to actively strive for related policy support from superiors, to give full play to each department’s advantages, and to regularly check and implement all systems and policies in order to promote the development of the civil nuclear technology application industry in an orderly and efficient manner (Yang and Lv, 2008). Taking Jiajiang County as an example, it is necessary to establish a coordination mechanism for special work, to improve the reporting system for policy implementation, and to regularly report, quickly grasp and coordinate to solve problems in implementation, in order to effectively ensure the orderly promotion of industrial development.

6.3 Improve the project based on the dual circulation

All parties should take full advantage of the unique first-mover resource advantages of “reactor” and “source” (Qi, 2022), focus on R&D and the preparation of medical isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals, improve the industrial chain, promote the “internal circulation” development of the civil nuclear technology application industry, develop high value-added nuclear drugs and medical equipment to expand overseas markets, create an outer circulation plateau, carry out the targeted introduction and attraction of powerful enterprises, increase the number of projects and improve project quality (Du, 2022). As for Jiajiang County, as guided by high-quality development, it is necessary to go all out in introducing, attacking and protecting projects that take the medical isotope industry as the core of the development of “internal circulation” and “nuclear medicine” as the lead of the development of “internal circulation”, and result in high value-added “nuclear medicine” and medical equipment going out as an “external circulation” highland.

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