Journal of Resources and Ecology >
Exploring the Scale Effects of Trade-offs and Synergies of Multifunctional Cultivated Land—Evidence from Wuhan Metropolitan Area
YANG Fengyanzi, E-mail: 479508644@qq.com |
Received date: 2020-12-28
Accepted date: 2021-08-30
Online published: 2022-10-12
Supported by
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(71673105)
The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662016PY116)
The purpose of this paper is to explore the trade-offs and synergies of multifunctional cultivated land (MCL) at multiple scales. The study area is Wuhan Metropolitan Area, China. The entropy method and the method of Spearman's rank correlation were employed for the analysis of combined land use/cover data, administrative division data, population data and statistical yearbook data, from the multi-scale perspectives of cities, counties and townships. The results showed that: (1) The multi-functionality of cultivated land had obvious spatial differences and its overall spatial patterns were relatively robust, which did not change very much at the single scale. (2) At each single scale, the MCL's trade-offs and synergies had spatial heterogeneity. (3) Scale effects existed in the MCL's trade-offs and synergies. From the prefecture-level city scale, to the county scale, and to the township scale, the MCL's trade-offs were changed to synergies, and some synergic relationships were enhanced. This article contributes to the literature by deepening the multiscale analysis of trade-offs and synergies of multifunctional cultivated land. The conclusions might provide a basis for helping policy-makers to implement protection measures for the multi-functionality of cultivated land at the right spatial scale, and to promote the higher-level synergies of multifunctional cultivated land to realize its sustainable use.
YANG Fengyanzi , HU Weiyan . Exploring the Scale Effects of Trade-offs and Synergies of Multifunctional Cultivated Land—Evidence from Wuhan Metropolitan Area[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022 , 13(6) : 1116 -1127 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.06.016
Fig. 1 Location of the Wuhan Metropolitan Area in China |
Fig. 2 Technical roadmap of the trade-offs and synergies of multifunctional cultivated land |
Table 1 Evaluation system of multifunctional cultivated land in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area |
Function type | Evaluation index | Property | Calculation method** | Weights | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | County | Township | ||||
F1: Production function | F11: Grain yield (t) | + | ${{y}_{1ij}}={{Y}_{1i}}\times \frac{{{A}_{ij}}}{{{S}_{i}}}$. | 0.0769 | 0.1028 | 0.1102 |
F12: Vegetable yield (t) | + | ${{y}_{2ij}}={{Y}_{2i}}\times \frac{{{A}_{ij}}}{{{S}_{i}}}$. | 0.1308 | 0.1388 | 0.2296 | |
F13: Fruit yield(t) | + | ${{y}_{3ij}}={{Y}_{3i}}\times \frac{{{A}_{ij}}}{{{S}_{i}}}$. | 0.1399 | 0.1347 | 0.2423 | |
F14: Land reclamation rate (%) | + | Cultivated land area / total land area | 0.0504 | 0.0611 | 0.0592 | |
F2: Ecological function | F21: Fertilizer application rate (t) | - | ${{y}_{4ij}}={{Y}_{4i}}\times \frac{{{A}_{ij}}}{{{S}_{i}}}$. | 0.0278 | 0.0331 | 0.0109 |
F22: Carbon fixation and oxygen release (t ha-1) | + | CO2 Absorption + O2 Release | 0.0786 | 0.1030 | 0.1107 | |
F23: Habitat fragmentation (/) | - | (Area fragmentation index + distribution fragmentation index)/2 | 0.0379 | 0.0436 | 0.0326 | |
F24: Per capita ecological carrying capacity of cultivated land (/)* | + | Per capita cropland resource endowment × cropland yield factor × cropland equilibrium factor | 0.0441 | 0.0438 | ||
F3: Social function | F31: Food self-sufficiency ratio (%) | + | Food output/ (resident population × 400 kg) | 0.0434 | 0.0610 | 0.0772 |
F32: Per capita cultivated land area (m2 person-1) | + | Cultivated land area / resident population | 0.0470 | 0.0391 | 0.0567 | |
F33: Proportion of agricultural output value (%)* | + | Agricultural output value/GDP | 0.0878 | 0.0782 | ||
F34: Proportion of employed population in primary industry* (%) | + | Number of employees in primary industry / total number of employees | 0.0547 | |||
F4: Landscape function | F41: Aggregation index (/) | + | Fragstats 4.2 (AI) | 0.0415 | 0.0396 | 0.0233 |
F42: Shannon's diversity index (/) | + | Fragstats 4.2 (SHDI) | 0.0527 | 0.0372 | 0.0161 | |
F43: Contagion index (/) | + | Fragstats 4.2 (CONTAG) | 0.0318 | 0.0393 | 0.0164 | |
F44: Perimeter area fractal dimension (/) | - | Fragstats 4.2 (PAFRAC) | 0.0548 | 0.0446 | 0.0148 |
Note: (1) F24、F33、F34 marked with an asterisk mean the multifunctional cultivated land that were only quantified at the city or county scale and the other functions were quantified at all scales; (2) In the calculation method, y1ij, y2ij, y3ij and y4ij represent the total grain output, vegetable output, melon and fruit yield and agricultural fertilizer use amount of the j-th township in the i-th county administrative region, respectively; Y1i, Y2i, Y3i and Y4i represent the total grain output, vegetable output, melon and fruit yield and agricultural fertilizer use amount of the i-th county, respectively; Aij represents the total cultivated land area of the j-th township in the i-th county, and Si represents the total cultivated land area of the i-th county. |
Table 2 Data sources and descriptions |
Type | Source | Format |
---|---|---|
Land use/cover | Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning of Hubei Province | Vector |
Administrative division data | NGCC (http://www.ngcc.cn/ngcc/) | Vector |
Population data | Resource and Environment Science and Data Center (http://www.resdc.cn/) | Raster |
Socioeconomic statistics | Hubei Provincial Bureau of Statistics (http://tjj.hubei.gov.cn/) | Spreadsheet |
Agricultural production data | Hubei Provincial Bureau of Statistics (http://tjj.hubei.gov.cn/) | Spreadsheet |
Fig. 3 Multiscale spatial distribution patterns of the single functions of cultivated land in Wuhan Metropolitan AreaNote: From column 1 to column 4, a-d, is used to represent the production function, ecological function, social function and landscape function of cultivated land, respectively; while line 1 to line 3 uses 1-3 to represent city scale, county scale and township scale, respectively. |
Fig. 4 Multiscale spatial distribution pattern of multifunctional cultivated land in Wuhan Metropolitan AreaNote: a-c is the multifunctional degree of cultivated land measured by the weighted comprehensive index method at the city scale, county scale and township scale; d-f is the multifunctional degree of cultivated land measured by Simpson's reciprocal index method at the city scale, county scale and township scale. |
Fig. 5 Scale effect of trade-offs and synergies of multifunctional cultivated land in Wuhan Metropolitan AreaNote: a, b, and c represent the city scale, county scale, and township scale, respectively; *, and ** indicate a significance level of 0.05, and 0.01, respectively. |
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