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Journal of Resources and Ecology >

2022 , Vol. 13 >Issue 5: 946 - 954

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.05.018

Assessing Impact of Restoration on Livelihood

Construction of a Comprehensive Observation Network for Natural-Resource Elements in Heihe River Basin, NW China

  • PEI Xiaolong , 1, 2 ,
  • HAN Xiaolong , 3, * ,
  • YANG Hanwen 4 ,
  • GAO Tiansheng 3 ,
  • ZHANG Chun 4 ,
  • GONG Lun 1 ,
  • WANG Jiangyulong 1
Expand
  • 1. Langfang Comprehensive Survey Center of Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China
  • 2. Integrated Command Center for Natural Resources Survey, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100032, China
  • 3. Xining Comprehensive Survey Center of Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Xining 810000, China
  • 4. Xi’an Center of Mineral Resources Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710100, China
*HAN Xiaolong, E-mail:

PEI Xiaolong, E-mail:

Received date: 2021-09-15

  Accepted date: 2022-02-25

  Online published: 2022-07-15

Supported by

The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0606500)

The Special Project for Comprehensive Monitoring of The Natural Resources (Xining Center)(DD20211627)

The Comprehensive Observation of Natural-resource Elements in Heihe River Basin(DD20208065)

The Investigation of Groundwater Flow Field in Key Areas (Xi’an Center)(DD20211563)

Fold

Abstract

The construction of a comprehensive observation platform for natural-resource elements would provide data support for studies of dynamic changes in various natural resources, and could serve the needs of natural-resource management and the construction of ecological civilization during a period of global change. As the second-largest inland river basin in NW China, the Heihe River Basin (HRB) lies in the central part of the Silk Road Economic Belt, consequently, pilot studies of resource management in the basin are urgently needed. This paper describes the construction of a comprehensive natural-resource elements observation network in the HRB to meet requirements for natural-resource management, based on natural-resource and Earth-system science. Based on current observations and research, thirteen observation stations were established in different river basins through integration with existing stations, reconstruction and upgrading, and new construction. The main types of land-surface resources in the HRB (grassland, forests, rivers, lakes, deserts, wetlands, and farmland) were included in the observation network constructed for the monitoring of natural-resource elements. Long-term, continuous, and stable observation can yield key data concerning coupling processes, trends of change, and rates of change in natural resources. This is of great significance in improving cognitive ability, scientific management, and strategic decision-making regarding natural resources in the HRB, and can provide a reference paradigm for the observation of and research into natural resources in other basins.

Key words： Heihe River Basin; natural resources; basin observing system; observation stations; comprehensive observation network

Cite this article

PEI Xiaolong , HAN Xiaolong , YANG Hanwen , GAO Tiansheng , ZHANG Chun , GONG Lun , WANG Jiangyulong . Construction of a Comprehensive Observation Network for Natural-Resource Elements in Heihe River Basin, NW China[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022 , 13(5) : 946 -954 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.05.018

1 Introduction

Faced with unprecedented challenges in global environmental governance, the international community needs to show unprecedented ambition and action, act with a sense of responsibility and unity, and work together to foster a community of life for both man and nature. Human beings must respect, conform to and protect nature. Natural-resource survey and monitoring aims to establish the spatial distribution, quantity, quality, change, and type of natural resources, and provide detailed basic data and dynamic changes of natural resources. Through the exchange of materials, energy and information among the natural-resources elements, an interdependent, interrelated and indivisible life community for man and nature is formed (Shen et al., 2018; Yan et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2020). Based on new requirements for natural-resource management and solving resource and environmental issues, the natural laws must be followed through implementing the development concept of life community for mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grassland. The systematization and integrity of natural ecosystems were considered comprehensively, scientifically and rationally to determine the scope and scale of the project based on relatively complete natural geographical features such as rivers and lakes. A watershed is the epitome of a natural system and a basic feature of natural geography, and includes not only the ecological and environmental constraints of soil and water, but also resource issues concerning mountains, rivers, forests, lakes, and grasslands. It is necessary to undertake further study to solve problems associated with resources, environment, and ecology based on watershed units (Li and Cheng, 2008; Cheng and Li, 2015; Jiang et al., 2020). Basin observation and modeling systems provide the basis for basin research. In recent years. Over recent years, an increasing number of observational studies have been conducted on river basins, including the US Critical Zone Observatories (CZO), the Terrestrial Environmental Observations (TERRNO) in Europe, the Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN) in Canada, and Heihe River Basin (HRB) Observation Network in China (Li et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013).
The HRB Comprehensive Observation Network is based on the “Heihe Remote Sensing Joint Experiment” (the ‘Water Allied Telemetry Experimental Research, WATER’, 2007-2011) launched in 2007. In 2010, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) launched the major “integrated research on ecological hydrological processes in HRB” research project. By selecting representative stations and integrating facilities, the current ecological hydrological observation network was formed (Li et al., 2008, 2012, 2012). Significant progress has been made in remote sensing and verification, understanding eco-hydrological processes, and decision-support systems. However, such achievements can only apply to experimental studies of hydrological and ecological aspects, and are insufficient for effectively supporting the management of regional natural resources. It is therefore necessary to undertake observation and research on causes of change, evolutionary trends, and the carrying capacity of natural resources in the HRB.
The comprehensive observation network project for China’s natural-resources elements, fully constructed and launched in 2020, is currently listed as the first of the twelve scientific and technological projects in the ‘Outline of China’s Natural Resources Science and Technology Innovation Development Plan’ (Liu et al., 2020). As the second-largest inland river basin in China, the HRB is an ideal region for observations of and research on natural resources due to its comprehensive natural-resource elements, including mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grassland. Furthermore, the HRB is located in a core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt, with regional resource and environmental issues being related to the ecological security and social stability of Northwest of China and Central Asia. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out a pilot study on monitoring the natural-resource elements in the HRB. The comprehensive observation network of natural-resources elements in the HRB has been constructed adhering to the concept of life community for mountain, river, forest, farmland, lake and grassland based on scientific observation and research in the basin. Through long-term, continuous, and stable observation, key data concerning coupling processes, change trends, and rates of change in natural resources can be obtained. This is of significance in improving cognitive ability, scientific management, and decision-making regarding natural resources in the HRB, as well as in providing a reference and demonstration for observation research in other basins.

2 Overview of observation and research in the HRB

2.1 Study area

The HRB lies in an arid and semi-arid region of western China. The basin is adjacent to the Shiyang River Basin in the east, the Shule River Basin in the west, Mongolia in the north, and the Datonghe-Huangshui River Basin and Qinghai Lake Basins in the south, covering an area of about 1.43×105 km2. It originates in the middle of the Qilian Mountains, with a length of 821 km from its source to Juyanhai Lake. From the upstream to the downstream, it forms a diverse natural-resource landscape of snow and ice/tjaele areas, forests grassland, rivers, lakes, oases, deserts, and gobies, with water as the common link. The HRB has unique natural landscape features in its upper, middle and lower reaches. Cold and arid regions coexist in the basin, and the mountainous cryosphere contrasts sharply with the extremely arid river terminal region (Fig. 1). The development of the HRB has a long history, with human activities having significantly affected the hydrological environment of the basin. Agricultural development and farmland cultivation are closely associated with water resources. The integration of natural and human processes makes the HRB an ideal pilot region for watershed research.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the research area in the HRB

2.2 Previous work

Different research groups have set up a network field observation stations in the HRB including the Linze, Hulugou, and Bayi Glacier stations of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS); the Qilian Mountain Forest Ecological Positioning Research Station of the Qilian Mountain Water Conservation Forest Research Institute of Gansu Province; the Binggou Watershed and Onokou positioning observation station, Sidalong; and the Linze and Dayokou field stations of Lanzhou University (Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, 2020). To date, the only joint observation network is an integrated of surface-process observation network (Table 1).
Table 1 Current field observation stations in the HRB
Research institute Field observation stations (network) Research focus
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS; Beijing Normal University Integrated Surface Process Observation Network Hydrology and ecology
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS; Qilian Mountain Water Conservation Forest Research Institute of Gansu Province Binggou Watershed and Onokou Observation Station Hydrology and ecology
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS Linze, Hulugou, and Bayi Glacier Observation
Stations		 Ecological environment
Qilian Mountain Water Conservation Forest Research Institute of Gansu Province Qilian Mountain Forest Ecological Positioning
Research Station		 Forest ecology
Lanzhou University Teradayura, Linze, and Onoguchi Field Stations Ecological environment
The observation network for HRB land-surface processes is the first comprehensive system established in China, with multi-element and multi-scale features and high accuracy including hydrometeorological and eco-hydrological sensor networks and satellite remote sensing (Xu et al., 2020). Initially, there were twenty-three observation stations, but presently there are eleven operating stations that monitor covering the main land cover types in the HRB (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Observation network for land-surface processes
After years of construction, the stations now form a comprehensive ground-observation network covering the main land cover types for coordinated observation, providing high-quality data for surface flux, hydrometeorological elements, and vegetation parameters, which will serve as a foundation for the construction of a natural-resource elements observation network.

2.3 Key issues

The integrated management of natural resources in China requires comprehensive observation of all types of resources and an improvement in the current observation stations, as well as solutions to the problems faced by stations in the HRB. The main issues are as follows (Gao and He, 2019).
(1) Today, station operation is guided by scientific issues, focusing on observing and studying ecosystems or single resource, without considering the continuous change of natural-resource elements. This approach leads to the problem of “no data available, data useless”, which makes it difficult to provide data support for the scientific and unified management of natural resources.
(2) Because current observation stations belong to multiple departments and units with a lack of overall high-level design and planning, and data integration and sharing mechanism, they do not meet the requirements of “Six unified” natural-resource investigation and observation systems, which are required to be unified in term of their organization, legal basis, investigation system, classification standards, technical specifications, and data platform, as proposed by the Ministry of Natural Resources of China.
(3) The functional classification of current observation stations is unclear with a lack of large-scale comprehensive observation stations. Due to the low integration and level of the observation systems, and the obvious lack of application ability of ground observation technology, it is impossible to form an all-element, all-road, and all-weather observation network characterized by space-ground joint observation, which is difficult to meet the requirements of integrated investigation and evaluation of landscape, forest, field, lake and grass life community.
(4) Current observation stations do not have a clear network structure for natural-resource elements observation, so they cannot support the comprehensive management of resources. Building a multi-scale, multi-element, all-weather observation network based on the integration of space- ground joint observation technology is therefore a matter of urgency. This network would further enhance the capacity and level of natural-resource observation in NW China, and solve the problem of balancing the exploitation-utilization of natural resources and ecological-environmental protection.

3 Construction of an observation network in the HRB

3.1 Basic concept

The overall architecture of an observation system is based mainly on the marginalization law of natural resources in the HRB. Thirteen observation stations have been established in different basins and at different levels, taking into account environmental resources regionalization units (Zheng et al., 2008; Li, 2018) (Fig. 3). These stations cover the main land-surface resources of the HRB including grassland, forests, rivers, lakes, desert, wetland, and farmland. Based on these thirteen stations, the cooperative monitoring of space and unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing is undertaken for the main types of natural resources. Data for the ground-observation network and high-resolution remote-sensing monitoring will be provided through unified processing and quality control. A high-quality observation data set for natural-resource elements will thus be available, and a comprehensive observation network will be established.
Fig. 3 Layout of comprehensive observation stations for HRB natural-resource elements
In terms of station construction modes, eight stations were integrated into the network (Table 2), three will be upgraded (Table 3), and two new stations will be established (Table 4).
Table 2 Details of stations established through cooperation
Stations Basin Station level Underlying surface Observation elements Main equipment
Dashalong Upstream Third-level station Alpine meadow Weather, phenology, soil temperature, humidity, salinity Ec, Aws
Sidalong Third-level station Forest Weather, phenology, soil temperature, humidity, salinity, tree growth, trunk stem flow Ec, Aws
Yakou Third-level station Alpine meadow Snow, weather, phenology, snow water equivalent Ec, Aws, snow observation system
Jingyangling Third-level station Alpine meadow Weather, phenology, soil temperature, humidity, salinity Ec, Aws
Huazhaizi Midstream Third-level station Desert Weather, phenology, soil temperature, humidity, salinity Ec, Aws
Zhangye Third-level station Wetland Weather, phenology Ec, Aws
Mixed forest Downstream Third-level station Oasis Weather, phenology, soil temperature, humidity, salinity, trunk stem flow Ec, Aws, phenological
camera, LAI sensor network, observation of water table
Huangmo Third-level station Desert Weather, phenology, soil temperature, humidity, salinity Ec, Aws

Note: Ec: Eddy covariance; Aws: Automatic weather station; LAI: Leaf area index. The same below.

Table 3 Details of the three stations to be upgraded
Stations Basin Station level Underlying surface Observation elements current equipment Supplementary equipment
Arou Upstream Second-
level station		 Subalpine Meadows Weather, four-component radiation, surface radiation temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, snow depth, soil temperature, humidity, salinity Ec, Dbs, gradient of meteorological elements, cosmos, phenology, soil moisture sensor network, precipitation Water surface evaporation measurement, online automatic observation system for plant growth rhythm, groundwater monitoring system, automatic monitoring system for soil water quantity and quality
Daman Midstream Second-
level station		 Farmland Weather, four-component radiation, surface radiation temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, soil temperature, humidity, salinity Ec, Dbs, gradient of meteorological elements, cosmos, phenology, soil moisture sensor network Ec, online monitoring system for greenhouse gas flux, dry and wet settlement collection system, water surface evaporation measurement, water surface evaporation measurement, online automatic observation system for plant growth rhythm, power supply system
Sidaoqiao Downstream Second-
level station		 Oasis Weather, four-component radiation, surface radiation temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, soil temperature, humidity, salinity Ec, Las, gradient of meteorological elements, cosmos, phenology, LAI sensor network, water table observation Ec, soil temperature, automatic monitoring system for soil temperature, humidity and salinity, power supply system

Note: Las: Large aperture scintillometer; Dbs: Dual-band scintillator; Cosmos: Cosmic ray soil moisture observation system. The same below.

Table 4 Details of newly established stations
Stations Basin Station level Underlying surface Observation elements Main equipment
Jinta Midstream Third-level station Farmland Weather, soil temperature, humidity, salinity, rainfall, radiation, snow depth, greenhouse gas flux 10 m observation tower covering air temperature and humidity at 5 m and 10 m; wind speed and direction at 5 m and 10 m; four-component radiation, light, and effective radiation at 10 m;, rainfall, soil temperature and humidity (5 layers); one set each of evaporation, soil respiration, snow depth, greenhouse gas flux monitoring system, and weather camera systems
Juyanhai Downstream Third-level station Wetland Weather, soil temperature, humidity, salinity, rainfall, radiation, snow depth, greenhouse gas flux 10 m observation tower covering air temperature and humidity at 5 m and 10 m; wind speed and direction at 5 m and 10 m; four-component radiation, light, and effective radiation at 10 m; and one set each of rainfall, soil temperature, humidity, and evaporation
In terms of the distribution of stations in the basin, five are in the upstream region, four in the middle part of the basin, and four in the downstream region. One second-level station will be set up in each basin section, whereas the others are third-level stations (Fig. 4). As such, the cost-effectiveness and utility of the stations can be maximized.
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of (a) a second-level station and (b) a third-level station (Xu et al., 2020)
With regard to the underlying surface-resource types, the upper reaches are mainly alpine meadow and forest, the middle reaches desert, farmland, and wetland, and the lower reaches desert, oasis, and wetland. The observation stations cover the main underlying surface resource types for the entire HRB, comprehensively and accurately providing natural-resource observation data, and accurately capturing spatial-temporal variations in resource elements, thus effectively improving the overall observation capability.

3.2 Operation and maintenance

To ensure long-term, and stable observation of HRB natural elements, it is crucial to have detailed systems and procedures with technical standards for operation and maintenance. A professional operation and maintenance team will be trained according to relevant standards and technical requirements for effective daily operation and maintenance of all the equipment and observation sites on a routine basis.
The maintenance will be undertaken daily, every ten days, monthly, and yearly (Fig. 5). Each day, observation data transmitted from each observation station must be checked to ensure the continuity and stability of the data, and the equipment must be also monitored to check the instruments and operational status of the observation site. Every ten days, a continuous data-change diagram is produced to check whether data change involves persistent outliers. Every month, professional and technical personnel are required to undertake an on-site station inspection and to collect field data, check instruments and equipment, clean sensors, and to record photographs, vegetation phenology, and underlying surface conditions. At the beginning of each year, data from the previous year will be processed and checked, and instruments and equipment at the observation stations will be inspected and calibrated in spring and autumn each year (Xu et al., 2020).
Fig. 5 Operation and maintenance program for the HRB observation network

3.3 Data quality control

The quality control produced for observations and data-proc essing involves the integration of remote-sensing monitoring, site observation, and ground-survey data with the application of unified standards and specifications, precision requirements, and data formatting (Liu et al., 2020). This is followed by the implementation of automatic, semi-automatic, and manual quality-control modes and the establishment of a whole-process station-management system based on observation technology, instrument calibration, operation, and maintenance. Through data inspection and quality analysis, the accuracy, standard, and integrity of the observation data are ensured, and a high-quality observation dataset is maintained. Datasets are then summarized and submitted to the national integrated natural-resources observation platform for online data management, sharing, and other services (Sun et al., 2020; Fig. 6).
Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of quality control for observation of natural-resource elements

4 Achievements

Remote sensing data were analyzed to obtain the distribution ranges and locations of natural-resource elements within a 1 km radius of the Sidaoqiao, Huazhaizi, Daman, Dashalong, and Arou stations were obtained. Together with automatic observations at the five stations and the manual surveys of surrounding typical sample sites, the types, quantity, quality, and other information regarding natural-resource elements of the five stations were obtained (Fig. 7). Key information such as spatial distribution, species, quantity and quality of multiple resource elements can be collected effectively through combined use of observation stations, remote-sensing techniques, and other technical methods. The comprehensive observation network of natural- resources elements in the HRB has been preliminarily established, providing three-dimensional observation capability for Space and Earth under local control.
Fig. 7 The distribution of natural resources was obtained by comprehensive observation techniques at five stations

5 Conclusions

Adhering to the principles of innovation, coordinated organization, green co-construction, open cooperation, and data sharing; and relying on the current observation and research foundation of the HRB, a cooperative mechanism has been developed with the Northwest Institute of the CAS, Beijing Normal University, Lanzhou University, and other scientific research institutes. Thirteen observation stations have been set up through integration and construction, reconstruction and upgrading, and new development, with a network observation capability based on integrated space and ground monitoring been established. The collection of long-term, and stable scientific data provides support for the scientific management of natural resources and regional strategic decision-making in the HRB.
The comprehensive observation of natural-resources elements is a long-term exploratory project. There remain several inadequacies in station layout, cooperation mechanisms, data sharing, and operation and maintenance modes (Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, CAS, 2010; Peng and Zhu, 2017; Yang, 2021), so it is necessary to improve the observation system through long-term exploration, practice, and application research. It is also necessary to break down industrial barriers and strengthen exchange between current observation stations in terms of cooperative station construction and data sharing, thereby ensuring the development of a stable cooperation mechanism. This will allow accelerated construction of the national natural-resource observation network, which will provide scientific and technological support for the integrated management of natural resources and development of ecological civilization in China.

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