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Journal of Resources and Ecology >

2021 , Vol. 12 >Issue 6: 822 - 828

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.06.010

Regional Geography and Ecological Changes

Diversity of Plant Resources in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park in Harbin, China

  • LI Qingnan ,
  • LIANG Yinghui ,
  • MU Dan , * ,
  • YAO Dandan
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  • College of Life Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, China
*MU Dan, E-mail:

LI Qingnan, E-mail:

Received date: 2020-10-23

  Accepted date: 2021-05-18

  Online published: 2021-11-26

Supported by

The Key Scientific Research Projects of Jiamusi City(200119)

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Abstract

Wetland parks play various ecological roles, including maintaining regional ecological balance, and connoting and compensating water sources. Taking Harbin Qunli National Urban Wetland Park as the research object, the diversity of plant resources in wetland parks is investigated and analyzed with the goal of providing a scientific basis for ecological restoration and the conservation and utilization of urban wetlands. Field survey, sampling and data collection methods were used to study the wetland plant resources and their life types (e.g., vines or shrubs), ecological types and distribution types. The study found 60 families, 129 genera and 160 species of wetland plants in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park, including 56 families, 123 genera and 151 species of angiosperms, which include 48 families, 101 genera and 127 species of dicotyledons and 8 families, 22 genera and 24 species of monocotyledons; 2 families, 2 genera and 3 species of ferns; and 2 families, 4 genera and 6 species of gymnosperms. The family composition is dominated by those families that included 10 or more species, and the dominant families are Compositae and Rosaceae. The genus composition is dominated by genera with four or more species present, and the dominant genera are Acer, Malus and Artemisia. Among the six life types, herbaceous plants are dominant, with a proportion of 62.50% of the species. The ecological types are divided into three categories: wet, mesophytic and aquatic plants, with wet plants accounting for the largest proportion, i.e., 56.25% of the total number of plant species. There are five distribution types of plant families and 10 types of the genera, with both families and genera dominated by the Northern Temperate types, so the flora has obvious temperate characteristics.

Key words： Qunli New District; wetland park; wetland plant; plant diversity; Harbin; China

Cite this article

LI Qingnan , LIANG Yinghui , MU Dan , YAO Dandan . Diversity of Plant Resources in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park in Harbin, China[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2021 , 12(6) : 822 -828 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.06.010

1 Introduction

The “World Conservation Strategy” refers to wetlands, forests, and oceans as the three major ecosystems of the Earth (Yang et al., 2014). Wetlands have a powerful purification function and are known as the “Kidney of the earth” and the “biological supermarket”, etc. (Lei et al., 2005; Li et al., 2016). The wetland system is an ecosystem between terrestrial and aquatic, and the health of its ecological environment is related to the sustainable development of society and the economy. Urban wetland parks are a unique type of park, an important component of the green space system and water system of cities in the process of ecological city construction, and an emerging field that has received much attention in recent years (Li et al., 2008; Duan et al., 2010; Li et al., 2010). Qunli National Urban Wetland Park has typical wetland ecological functions, and is an ecological park that integrates ornamental, observation, scientific education, scientific research and other multi-faceted functions, so it not only provides leisure places for people and an improved living environment, but also resting places for plants and animals (Xie et al., 2009; Mu et al., 2018).
Plant diversity directly affects the quality of wetlands and the condition of wildlife habitats, and plays an important role in maintaining the ecological functions and system stability of wetlands (Wang et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2014; Dai et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017). Therefore, in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park, it is important to conduct plant diversity surveys to monitor its wetland environment as well as diversity conservation.

2 Study site characteristics and methods

2.1 Study site characteristics

Qunli National Urban Wetland Park, which is dominated by natural marsh wetlands, is located in Qunli New District of Harbin City, bordered by Xingjiang Road to the east, Lijiang Road to the west, Qunli 6th Avenue to the south and Qunli 5th Avenue to the north (126°55°35-126°56°31E, 45°43°53-45°44°12N) (Yu et al., 2011). The area has a mid-temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons and an annual precipitation of 567 mm, with 60%-70% of it concentrated in summer. The wetland park is a rainwater park with the objective of solving the urban flooding problem by acting as a green sponge. With the design concept of “life cells”, the park is equipped with pure forest on the periphery, using Betula platyphylla as the keystone tree species to block the city’s view, similar to the functional role of plant cell walls; while artificial wetlands are built along the waterfront, making it a cell bubble to provide nutrients and protect the natural wetlands of the entire center area—the “black fishing bubble”. The ecological restoration will cover an area of 34.2 ha, including 23.1 ha of natural wetland, 2.26 ha of water conservancy, 6.2 ha of green belt and 2.64 ha of other land (Ji et al., 2018).

2.2 Methods

The field survey, sample, and data collection methods were carried out from June to August 2020, when the wetland plants are in their peak growth period. Taking Qunli National Urban Wetland Park as the target, the field survey aimed to comprehensively document the current status of wetland plants and record the species, growth conditions and morphological characteristics of the plants. The wetland park is very well organized spatially, and during the survey, the longest linear sample strip was used as the benchmark to run through the whole park in order to determine the locations and scopes of the sample plots (Fig. 1). The sample area of Macrophanerophytes was 20 m × 20 m; the sample area of small Macrophanerophytes and tall shrubs was 5 m × 5 m; the sample area of shrubs was 2 m × 2 m; and the sample area of herbaceous plants was 1 m × 1 m, although some herbaceous plants were planted more densely so their sample area was 0.5 m × 0.5 m. The survey was carried out by taking photographs, collecting specimens and asking for information from the garden maintenance manager. Wetland plants were classified, identified and categorized by ecotypes and life types with reference to the “Flora of China”, “Vegetation of China”, “Wetland Research of China”, and other materials.
Fig. 1 Schematic plan in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park

3 Results and analysis

3.1 Composition of plant species present in the park

According to the field survey, the plant resources in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park are diverse and rich, with a total of 60 families, 129 genera and 160 species of plants. Among them, there are 56 families, 124 genera and 151 species of angiosperms, including 24 species of monocotyledons, belonging to 8 families and 22 genera, and 127 species of dicotyledons, belonging to 48 families and 101 genera; 2 families, 2 genera and 3 species of ferns; and 2 families, 4 genera and 6 species of gymnosperms (Table 1). The survey results show that angiosperms are the dominant component of the plants present, making up 94.38% of the total number of plants, while ferns and gymnosperms are rare, accounting for only 1.87% and 3.75% of the total number of plants, respectively.
Table 1 Families, genera and species of Qunli National Urban Wetland Park
Phylum Class Family Genus Species
Angiosperm Monocotyledon 8 22 24
Dicotyledon 48 101 127
Fern 2 2 3
Gymnosperm 2 4 6
Total 60 129 160

3.2 Statistics of the number of plant taxa

3.2.1 Quantitative statistics of families

The survey results show that there are 60 families of plants in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park. The dominant family is the family that includes the largest number of species, which can reflect the richness of the species. The families with more than 10 species in the wetland park are the dominant families, namely Compositae (13 genera and 17 species) and Rosaceae (10 genera and 17 species); the five families with five to nine species are Poaceae, Oleaceae, Pinaceae, Lamiaceae and Aceraceae; 26 families with two to four species, including Liliaceae, Salicaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Brassicaceae and Apocynaceae, etc.; and 27 families containing only one species, including Juncaceae, Butomaceae, Campanulaceae and Violaceae, etc. (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Quantitative statistics of species-richness among plant families in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park

3.2.2 Quantitative statistics of genera

According to the survey, there are 60 families, 129 genera and 160 species of plants growing in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park. The genera with more than four species in the wetland park are the dominant genera. The dominant genera are Acer (5 species), Malus (4 species) and Artemisia (4 species). The five genera containing three species are Potentilla, Syringa, Chenopodium, Iris and Urtica; the eleven genera containing two species are Duchesnea, Fraxinus, Picea, etc.; and 110 genera contain only one species (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 Quantitative statistics of the species-richness of genera in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park

3.3 Analysis of life types of the plants

According to the classification system of “China vegetation” and “Chinese Flora” (Fang et al., 2020), according to the height, size, and traits of plants, and other factors, the plants present in the park include six life types: macrophanerophytes, shrubs, vines, Panicum miliaceums, biennial herbs, and perennial herbs (Table 2). Among the plants in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park, 100 species of herbaceous plants accounted for 62.5% of the total number of plant species, including 26 species of annual herbaceous plants, 4 species of biennial herbaceous plants and 70 species of perennial herbaceous plants. There are 60 species of woody plants, accounting for 37.5% of the total number of plant species, including 37 species of macrophanerophytes, 21 species of shrubs and 2 species of vines.
Table 2 Statistics of plant life types in Qunli Urban Wetland Park
Life types Quantity Proportion of total species (%) Representative species
Macrophanerophyte 37 23.13 Malus baccata, Malus
halliana
Shrub 21 13.12 Sytinga microphylla, Rubus arcticus
Vine 2 1.25 Trachelospermum jasm
inoides, Rubia cordifolia
Panicum miliaceum 26 16.25 Erigeron canadensis, Aster subulatus
Biennial herb 4 2.50 Melilotus officinalis, Althaea rosea
Perennial herb 70 43.75 Potentilla chinensis, Axonopus compressu
Total 160 100.00

3.4 Analysis of ecological types of wetland the plants

The plant ecotype composition in Qunli Urban Wetland Park includes three categories of wet plants, mesophytic plants and aquatic plants (Table 3). Among them, wet plants accounted for the largest proportion, with 90 species, or 56.25% of the total number of species; followed by mesophytic plants with 54 species, or 33.75%; and aquatic plants with 16 species, or 10.00%.
Table 3 Statistics of plant ecological types in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park
Ecological type Characteristic Species number Proportion of total species (%)
Wet plant Growing in wetland barges or waterfront areas, the base of the plant is not typically
submerged by water		 90 56.25
Mesophyte Grows in medium humidity environments and cannot
tolerate severe drought or
prolonged water logging		 54 33.75
Aquatic plant The roots of the plant grow in water for all or most of the year 16 10.00
Total 160 100.00
Wet plants are the main components of the wetland park, mainly Gramineae and Salicaceae, and most of them are widely cultivated species around the world, such as Poa annua, Erigeron annuus, etc. They are distributed in the wetland fringe of Qunli National Urban Wetland Park, while Salix babylonica and Salix matsudana as wet plants are planted at the intersection of the artificial wetlands and natural wetlands, which not only promotes the virtuous cycle of the ecological landscape, but also enhances the hierarchy of the landscape. The mesophytes are mainly Moraceae and Betulaceae, and most of them are tall trees. The most common ones are Morus alba, Broussonetia papyrifera, Betula platyphylla Suk., etc. They are mainly distributed in the wetland and urban buffer areas or the topographic undulations. Aquatic plants account for a relatively low proportion, including 12 species of emergent plants, 2 species of floating-leaved plants, 1 species of floating plant and 1 species of submerged plant. Among them, the emergent plants are mainly monocotyledonous plants, such as Monochoria korsakowii, Juncus effusus, Pontederia cordata, Hippuris vulgaris, etc.; floating-leaved plants are Trapa natans and Nymphaea tetragona, a total of two species; the one floating plant, Salvinia natans can absorb minerals in the water and inhibit the growth of algae; the submerged plant, Myriophyllum verticillatum, is distributed in the wetland where the water level is shallow and has a slow flow.

3.5 Analysis of floral elements of the plants

3.5.1 Flora analysis of the plant families

With reference to Wu’s The Areal-types of the World Families of Seed Plants (Wu et al., 2003), the 60 families of plants in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park were divided into five distribution zone types. As can be seen from Table 4, the plants in the Cosmopolitan distribution and the Northern Temperate distribution groups have the highest proportions of 18 families each, both 30.00%, followed by the Pantropic distribution with 16 families, or 26.67%, the Tropical Asian and American distribution with 6 families each, or 10.00%; then the Old world Temperate with 2 families, or 3.33%. The analysis shows that the temperate characteristics of the plants in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park are more obvious while some have tropical characteristics, which is compatible with Harbin’s location in the northern temperate zone with a high temperature and rain in summer but cold and dry in winter.
Table 4 Distribution types of flora in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park
Serial number Distribution type Number of families Proportion (%)
1 Cosmopolitan 18 30.00
2 Pantropic 16 26.67
3 Tropical Asian and American 6 10.00
8 Northern Temperate 18 30.00
10 Old World Temperate 2 3.33
Total 60 100.00

3.5.2 Flora analysis of the plant genera

According to the classification of the geographical composition of genera in Wu Zhengyi’s “Types of distribution areas of seed plant genera in China”, the 129 genera of plants in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park can be classified into 10 distribution area types (Table 5). There are 19 genera of Cosmopolitan throughout the world, accounting for 14.73% of the total number of genera, including Juncus, Chenopodium, Persicaria, etc. Most of these genera are herbaceous plants with strong adaptability and a wide range of adaptation to the environment. Types two to six are various tropical distribution types, with 39 genera, accounting for 30.23% of the total number of genera. Of these, the 22 Pantropic genera account for the largest proportion; the distributions of Tropical Asian and American include 10 genera; the distribution of Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa is 7 genera. Types eight to 14 include the temperate distribution types, with 71 genera, accounting for the largest proportion of 55.04%, of which 45 genera are distributed in the North Temperate, 7 genera are distributed in Eastern Asian and Northern American discontinuous, 1 genus is distributed in the Old World Temperate, 7 genera are distributed in Temperate Asian, 4 genera are distributed in the Mediterranean, Western Asia to Central Asia, and 7 genera are distributed in Eastern Asian.
Table 5 Distribution types of flora in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park
Serial number Distribution type Number of genera Proportion (%)
1 Cosmopolitan 19 14.73
2 Pantropic 22 17.05
3 Tropical Asian and American 10 7.75
6 Tropical Asia to Africa 7 5.43
8 Northern Temperate 45 34.88
9 Eastern Asian and Northern American discontinuous 7 5.43
10 Old World Temperate 1 0.77
11 Temperate Asian 7 5.43
12 Mediterranean, Western Asia to Central Asia 4 3.10
14 Eastern Asian 7 5.43
Total 129 100.00
Studies show that the distribution area types of genera in the flora of Harbin Qunli National Urban Wetland Park are mainly of Cosmopolitan, Pantropical and North Temperate distributions. The high proportions of Cosmopolitan and Pantropical genera reflect, to some extent, the non-specific nature of the wetland park and its historical origin with tropical connections. The North Temperate distribution is the most dominant distribution type, reflecting the temperate nature of the flora of Harbin Qunli National Wetland Park, which is also closely related to the characteristics of the local temperate monsoon climate.

4 Discussion

Qunli National Urban Wetland Park is an urban wetland park that focuses on the conservation of native wetland systems. Located in the middle of the city, its unique geographical location and beautiful natural environment provide the necessary living space for the plants and animals in the wetland park, and it is of far-reaching significance to protect its biodiversity and the diversity of its ecosystem.
Wetland plants are the primary producers of wetland ecosystems and are the source of the entire food chain (Li et al., 2011; Etongo et al., 2020; Ri et al., 2020). As an important constituent within wetlands, the composition and diversity of wetland plants can maintain ecological stability (Wei et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2014). There are 160 species of plants in 60 families and 129 genera in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park. While the ferns and gymnosperms (Pinaceae and Cupressaceae) are relatively sparse and account for relatively low numbers of families, genera and species, the angiosperms (especially the dicotyledons) are the main constituents of the wetland plants. The dominant families and genera of wetland plants are significant. The two dominant families each include 10 or more species, including 13 genera and 17 species of Compositae and 10 genera and 17 species of Rosaceae. There are three dominant genera, each with four or more species: Acer (5 species), Malus (4 species) and Artemisia (4 species).
In considering the life types, the morphological characteristics of plants that have been adapted to the external environment under comprehensive conditions for a long period of time are shown in their external appearance. The plants in the park include six life types, with a rich variety of plants, and the herbaceous plants are very clearly dominant, with a proportion of 62.50%, showing strong environmental adaptability and most of them are common plants in the north.
Ecotypes are groups of plants with certain structural or functional differences that have adapted to their habitat. When constructing a wetland park, the original plant resources of the wetland should be fully understood and plant species which are well-adapted to the wetland environment should be selected (Yang et al., 2010; Yuan et al., 2011; Li et al., 2019). The ecotype here is dominated by wet plants, with a total of 90 species, accounting for 56.25% of the total number of species; mesophytic plants include 54 species, or 33.75%; and aquatic plants include 16 species, or 10%. The diversity of plant life types and ecotypes in Qunli Urban Wetland Park reflect the diversity of the wetland environment in the area.
The composition of flora contains a wealth of historical, geographical, ecological and phylogenetic information (Ergua et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). The study of aspects such as the history and developmental evolution of flora is an important part of plant classification, phytogeography, and phylogenetics, and the investigation of the flora of an area provides an important basis for studying the diversity of plants in that area at different spatial and temporal scales (Xu et al., 2003; Scott et al., 2020). The analysis of the composition of the wetland flora is mostly focused on the level of families and genera (Yang et al., 2009), so in order to explore the diversity of plants, this analysis of the families and genera of the plants in the area of Qunli National Urban Wetland Park was carried out. There are five distribution types of plant families, with the highest proportions of North Temperate and Cosmopolitan distributions, at 30.00%, followed by the Pantropical, Tropical Asian and American, and Old World Temperate distributions. Similarly, there are ten distribution types of plant genera, with North Temperate distribution dominating, followed by the Cosmopolitan and Pantropical distributions.

5 Conclusions

This survey catalogued 160 species of plants in 129 genera and 60 families in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park, with a relatively large number of species. Among which, there are 123 genera and 151 species of 56 families of angiosperms, which includes 127 species of 101 genera and 48 families of dicotyledons, and 24 species of 22 genera and 8 families of monocotyledons, in addition to 3 species of 2 families and 2 genera of ferns, and 6 species of 4 genera and 2 families of gymnosperms. The family composition is dominated by those with 10 or more species, and the dominant families are Compositae and Rosaceae; while the genus composition is dominated by those with four or more species, and the dominant genera are Acer, Malus and Artemisia. There are six living types, and herbaceous plants are dominant, with a proportion of 62.50%, reflecting the diversity of the plants present in the park. Among the ecological types, wet plants account for the largest proportion at 56.25% of the total number of plant species, indicating that the humid conditions in the wetland are suitable for the survival as well as reproduction of wet plants. The distribution types of plant families and genera are five and 10, respectively, with a complex floral composition and rich distribution area types, both of which are dominated by the Northern Temperate distribution, so the flora has obvious temperate characteristics.
Qunli National Urban Wetland Park is rich in resource plants and has a large potential for exploitation and utilization. The wetland also has a certain number of rare and protected plants, and the national Grade II protected plants present include Fraxinus mandshurica, Iris lactea, Nelumbo nucifera and Liriodendron chinense, for which their protection and utilization should be strengthened. The field survey found that the usage of toxic, fluttering and thorny plants should be reduced to improve the ornamental and aesthetic properties of the plants and create a beautiful ecological environment for the urban wetland park. In future studies, the changes of plant diversity in the wetland park will be studied in depth to provide references for plant diversity conservation and the on-going sustainable development of plant resources.

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