Journal of Resources and Ecology >
The Study on Cost of Application of International Emission Control Areas for China
TIAN Yujun, E-mail: tianyujun@wti.ac.cn |
Received date: 2019-11-26
Accepted date: 2020-02-15
Online published: 2020-09-30
Supported by
The Second National Census of Pollution Sources Mobile Source Census Technical Specifications and Organization and Implementation(2018-033-B-021)
In order to control the air pollution caused by ships and improve ambient air quality, China set up three domestic emission control areas (DECAs) in 2015 in the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) waters. In order to meet the emission requirements established at the 70th meeting of the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC), China intends to apply for the establishment of three international Emission Control Area (ECA) in 2030 for these DECAs. This paper discusses existing technologies to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur oxides (SOx), and examines the abatement costs for the shipping industry in the year 2030 to comply with this action. Based on an examination of the literature and data collected for this study, four traditional alternatives, low-sulphur fuel, sulphur scrubbers/exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and exhaust gas recirculation, are analyzed. The analysis finds that switching to low-sulphur fuel is the best technical solution for SOx emission reduction, and the installation of SCR is the best technology for reducing nitrogen. In addition to traditional emission reduction technologies, the use of shore power facilities and liquefied natural gas (LNG), two alternatives welcomed by China’s green shipping industry, are also considered in this paper. The expected average abatement cost of these alternatives in the year 2030 are USD 2.866 billion, 0.324 billion, 1.071 billion, 0.402 billion, 0.232 billion and 0.34 billion, respectively.
TIAN Yujun , WANG Hongyan , LI Tao , PENG Chuansheng . The Study on Cost of Application of International Emission Control Areas for China[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2020 , 11(4) : 388 -393 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.04.007
Table 1 The cost of selective catalytic reduction system |
Source | Equipment cost | Installation cost | Operating cost | Urea cost |
---|---|---|---|---|
ECA | USD 40-135 kW-1 | - | 7%-10% of the fuel cost | - |
NRDC | USD 50 kW-1 | USD 15-20 kW-1 | USD 0.08 kWh-1 | 10-15 L MWh-1 |
DMA | USD 30-70 kW-1 | USD 6-15 kW-1 | USD 5-12 MWh-1 | - |
Table 2 The cost of switching to low sulphur oil (unit: billion USD) |
Costs | Highest | Lowest | Average |
---|---|---|---|
Switching oil cost | 6.029 | 2.250 | 2.787 |
Retrofit cost | 0.095 | 0.063 | 0.079 |
Total | 6.124 | 2.331 | 2.866 |
Table 3 The cost of using EGCS (unit: billion USD) |
Year | Costs | Highest | Lowest | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|
20 years Total costa | Equipment costb | 5.615 | 1.743 | 3.679 |
Installation cost | 1.307 | 0.697 | 1.002 | |
Maintenance cost | 0.160 | 0.019 | 0.090 | |
Total cost | 7.082 | 2.459 | 4.771 | |
2030 | Equipment costc | 0.281 | 0.087 | 0.184 |
Installation costc | 0.065 | 0.035 | 0.050 | |
Maintenance cost | 0.160 | 0.019 | 0.0895 | |
Total cost | 0.510 | 0.141 | 0.324 |
Note: “a” means ships of 6000 tons and less than 8 years ship old; “b” means equipment prices in China; and “c” means 20-year average price. Interest payments on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases are not counted. |
Table 4 The cost of using SCR (unit: billion USD) |
Costs | Highest | Lowest | Average |
---|---|---|---|
Equipment cost c | 1.109 | 0.416 | 0.763 |
Installation costc | 0.444 | 0.125 | 0.285 |
Maintenance cost | 0.037 | 0.010 | 0.024 |
Total cost | 1.591 | 0.551 | 1.071 |
Note: “c” means 20-year average price. Interest payments on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases are not counted. |
Table 5 The cost of using EGR (unit: billion USD) |
Costs | Highest | Lowest | Average |
---|---|---|---|
Equipment costc | 0.068 | 0.056 | 0.062 |
Installation costc | 0.020 | 0.011 | 0.016 |
Maintenance cost | 0.385 | 0.264 | 0.325 |
Total cost | 0.474 | 0.330 | 0.402 |
Note: “c” refers to the 20-year average price. Interest payments on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases are not counted. |
Table 6 The cost for LNG vessels (unit: billion USD) |
Costs | Highest | Lowest | Average |
---|---|---|---|
Retrofit costc | 0.296 | 0.148 | 0.222 |
New-build costc | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.010 |
Total cost | 0.309 | 0.155 | 0.232 |
Note: “c” means 20-year average price. Interest payments on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases are not counted. |
Table 7 The cost for applying shore power (unit: billion USD) |
Costs | Highest | Lowest | Average |
---|---|---|---|
Construction costc | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.012 |
Retrofitted cost | 0.505 | 0.151 | 0.328 |
Total cost | 0.517 | 0.163 | 0.340 |
Note: “c” means 20-year average price. Interest payments on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases are not counted. |
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