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Journal of Resources and Ecology >

2019 , Vol. 10 >Issue 3: 275 - 281

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.03.005

Resource Econmy

The Decoupling Relationship between the Expansion of Urban Construction Land and Economic Growth in Jilin Province

  • LIU Baotao , *
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  • College of Economics and Management, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
*Corresponding author: LIU Baotao, E-mail:

Received date: 2018-09-04

  Accepted date: 2018-12-01

  Online published: 2019-05-30

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Abstract

In order to explore the relationship between urban construction land and economic development, this paper uses a decoupling model to analyze the decoupling relationship between expansion of urban construction land and economic growth in Jilin Province. The results show that from 2000 to 2015, the decoupling of urban construction land expansion and economic growth in Jilin province tended to be reasonable. The paper divides urban decoupling into three categories. The first type consists of ideal cities, including Liaoyuan and Baishan. The second type includes basic ideal cities like Changchun, Tonghua, Songyuan, Baicheng, and Yanbian. The third type consists of non-ideal cities, including Jilin and Siping. This paper puts forward relevant measures to promote the further decoupling of construction land expansion and economic growth in order to realize the sustainable use of land resources.

Key words： urban construction land; economic growth; decoupling theory; elasticity analysis method; Jilin Province

Cite this article

LIU Baotao . The Decoupling Relationship between the Expansion of Urban Construction Land and Economic Growth in Jilin Province[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2019 , 10(3) : 275 -281 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.03.005

1 Introduction

As a scarce resource and a significant carrier for human production and life, urban construction land is a crucial factor for regional economic growth. At the same time, economic growth has become an important drivor factor in the expansion of urban construction land. As a result of sustained economic and social growth in China, urban land area is expanding. Studies have shown that the most direct evidence of urbanization is the large-scale expansion of urban construction land, and the excessive expansion of urban construction land is, itself, an inevitable result of economic growth (Huang et al., 2007). In recent years, a series of problems related to urban land have had an impact on regional economic and social development. Problems such as an unreasonable supply of urban construction land, lack of systematic planning, and inefficient land use have emerged. In addition, urban expansion has moved into rural areas and caused the destruction of arable land resources, seriously affecting regional sustainable development (Sheng, 2015).
We can easily identify several meta-themes concerning economic growth and urban construction land in the litera-ture. Ngai used the production function to study the contribution of limited land resources to economic development (Ngai, 2004). Hansen studied the relationship between land supply and economic construction. He argued that land is a basic factor that contributes greatly to economic growth in the early stages of economic and social development, but that in the later stages, human capital, population structure, technological progress and the interactions of these factors are more important contributors to growth than land factors (Hansen et al., 2002). Seto believed that population, investment in fixed capital and institutional policies are the main factors driving the expansion of construction land (Karen et al., 2003). Streutker considered that the expansion of construction land has led to food security problems, put pressure on the ecological environment, and intensified social contradictions, concerns that can be addressed through relevant policy measures (Streutker, 2002). Research in China has mainly focused on the driving forces and characteristics of construction land expansion. Some scholars have used multiple regression analyses and models to study the expansion efficiency of construction land and the effect of construction land expansion on economic growth. Yin Feng argued that the role of construction land is determined by the fact that construction land is the carrier of fixed assets, and that the rapid expansion of construction land indicates the speedy growth of investment (Yin et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2009). Xu Juan researched the relationship of land expansion to economic growth in Anhui province, finding that GDP growth was relatively synchronized with the expansion of construction land during the study period, but that, as the economy developed, the dependence of GDP growth through the expansion of construction land was gradually weakened (Xu et al., 2016). The existing research is important to planning for the allocation of urban construction land and for the sustainable utilization of urban land. The excessively high cost of land for domestic economic growth has severely constrained the establishment of a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society. Thus, the relationship between the expansion of construction land and economic growth has become a hot research topic in central and eastern China. However, there have been few studies of the situation in the provinces of Northeast China and, so far, no scholars have carried out research in Jilin province. Jilin province is one of the country's major grain producing areas and one of its six major pastoral areas. The nine regions of Jilin Province are significant differences in local natural environment, resource endowments, urban development, economic foundation and other factors. With the implementation of a new round of the Northeast Revitalization policy, and guidance from new approaches to urbanization planning, there are increasing demands for land for city construction, and this will inevitably lead to the complementarity and synergy of urban areas, major agricultural production areas, and ecologically dominant areas. It is thus urgent to guide the healthy development of regional population distribution, economic foundations and the resources environment (SCPRC, 2016).
This research takes nine cities in Jilin province as the study area and the study period is the years 2000 to 2015. We use decoupling theory in the field of resources and environment to examine the economic growth of Jilin province and city construction land expansion. Decoupled Elasticity Analysis is utilized for the decoupling analysis model of economic growth and urban construction land expansion. The research measured the decoupling state between the economic growth of nine cities and the expansion of urban construction land in Jilin, exploring the similarities and differences between the economic growth of different regions and urban construction land. This study can provide a scientific basis and an important reference for planning the sustainable development of Jilin’s social economy and the realization of the sustainable utilization of urban land (Liu et al., 2017).

2 Data sources and model construction

2.1 Data source and processing

Nine cities (prefectures) of Jilin Province were selected as the research object, and data for the years 2000 to 2015 were collected. Economic growth data and urban construction land use data were taken from the annual editions of the China City Statistical Yearbook, Jilin Statistical Yearbook, Statistical Annual Report of Land and Resources of Jilin Province, and the statistical yearbooks for the nine cities (prefectures). GDP was chosen as an indicator of economic growth. In order to ensure the accuracy and comparability of fiscal data, the GDP deflator index method was used to revise GDP figures based on the 2000 constant price.

2.2 Model construction

The theory of decoupling originated in the field of physics. Decoupling indicates that the relationship between two or more physical quantities no longer exists (Zhong et al., 2010). When rapid economic growth cannot eliminate environmental pressure and resource consumption, but policies and technologies that promote faster economic growth are implemented at the same time, this can be defined as decoupling (Li et al., 2008). In his definition of decoupling indicators, Vehmas used a comprehensive analysis of changes to consider the relationship between global environmental pressure and economic growth. He divided decoupling types into strong re-hooks, weak re-hooks and expansive re-hooks, and strong decoupling, weak decoupling and declining decoupling (Vehmas et al., 2003). Based on the theoretical basis provided by the Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis, Tapio further subdivides the decoupling model into three states: linking, decoupling, and negative decoupling (Tapio, 2005). There are three principal ways to consider existing research: first, the decoupling factor method proposed by OECD; two, elastic analysis to measure the decoupling degree; and three, the decoupling evaluation method based upon the IPAT equation.
This study introduces decoupling theory and an improved elasticity analysis method, and establishes an index system that fully reflects the status of construction land expansion and economic growth. Using Tapio’s research as a reference for decoupling definitions and calculations, we use CCL, ΔCCL, ΔGDP, ΔCCL/ΔGDP, which represent, respectively, urban construction land quantity, urban construction land change, GDP change, and the GDP elasticity coefficient T of urban construction land. The calculation formula of the GDP elasticity coefficient T for urban construction land is:
t=ΔCCL/ΔGDP (1)
We put t1=0.8 and t2=1.2 as critical values for decoupling, and the GDP elasticity coefficient and decoupling state of urban construction land are determined, as shown in Table 1. The negative decoupling state shows that the values for economic growth and construction land expansion are both increasing, but the growth rate of the economy is less than that of construction land expansion. Strong negative decoupling shows that the economic growth index shows a decreasing trend, while the value for construction land is increasing; this is the most undesirable situation for economic development. Weak negative decoupling indicates that the expansion of construction land and economic growth are both decreasing, but the reduction of the economic growth rate is less than that of construction land expansion. In the decoupling state, weak decoupling shows that both economic growth and construction land expansion show growth states, and the monetary growth rate is greater than the growth rate of construction land expansion. Strong decoupling shows that the economy is growing, while the value for construction land expansion is decreasing. This strong decoupling relationship is the best state for the expansion of construction land and economic growth, and is ideal for economic and social development. Recession decoupling shows that economic development and construction land expansion are both decreasing, but the decrease rate of economic growth is greater than that of construction land expansion. The link state shows trends for economic growth and construction land expansion that are relatively synchronized; the recession link shows that the decrease in the economic growth index and the decrease in the value for construction land expansion are relatively synchronized.
Table 1 Urban construction land and GDP growth decoupling definition table
Status Urban construction land
change (ΔCCL)		 GDP change (ΔGDP) GDP elasticity coefficient of
urban construction land (t)
Negative decoupling Growth negative decoupling >0 >0 t>1.2
Strong negative decoupling >0 <0 t<0
Weak negative decoupling <0 <0 0<t<0.8
Decoupling Weak decoupling >0 >0 0<t<0.8
Strong decoupling <0 >0 t<0
Decay decoupling <0 <0 t>1.2
Link Growth link >0 >0 0.8<t<1.2
Decay link <0 <0 0.8<t<1.2
Known by the decoupling measure definition, uneconomical consumption of urban construction land refers to negative decoupling and connection of these two types of decoupling. The forces driving economic development are not entirely dependent upon the expansion of urban construction land, which breaks the link between excessive use of land resources and the economic growth. In particular, a strong decoupling state indicates that rapid economic development has avoided the excessive consumption of urban construction land resources and realized sustainable economic and social development.

3 Results

Based on the above research, the GDP elasticity coefficient T of urban construction land expansion is calculated and the decoupling state is determined. See Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2 Decoupling elasticity coefficient of urban construction land expansion and GDP in Jilin Province
Year Study area
Changchun Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Yanbian
2001 0.378 1 0.394 5 0.058 0 1.628 2 1.677 8 1.678 8 0.153 3 0.646 1 0.000 0
2002 0.153 1 0.349 3 0.090 5 -0.566 1 0.000 0 0.118 5 0.023 7 0.143 7 0.000 2
2003 0.096 3 0.908 8 -0.163 1 0.170 7 0.737 5 0.127 3 0.059 9 0.196 8 0.235 1
2004 0.657 2 0.170 1 0.076 0 0.258 3 0.401 4 0.000 0 0.078 8 0.093 3 0.567 7
2005 1.160 9 0.091 9 0.000 0 0.170 6 0.336 1 -0.465 2 0.336 9 0.334 8 0.007 7
2006 1.605 8 -1.292 5 0.000 0 0.000 0 -3.059 0 0.107 8 0.087 7 0.000 0 0.214 7
2007 0.532 5 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.211 5 2.404 9 0.350 4 0.030 2 0.000 0 0.026 3
2008 0.616 1 0.271 2 0.096 3 0.000 0 0.052 2 0.269 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 -0.019 9
2009 1.033 8 0.061 4 0.248 0 0.097 6 0.026 0 0.276 3 0.399 1 0.000 0 0.000 0
2010 0.286 8 0.000 0 1.303 1 0.323 6 0.608 7 0.129 4 0.258 2 0.000 0 0.566 4
2011 0.316 7 0.205 3 0.235 4 0.000 0 0.524 9 0.127 5 0.190 8 0.553 1 0.186 7
2012 0.065 3 -0.201 1 0.194 9 -0.001 1 0.057 8 -0.191 7 0.201 3 0.244 6 0.019 6
2013 0.387 1 0.486 7 0.062 3 -0.004 0 0.133 7 1.599 7 0.115 5 0.155 1 0.253 5
2014 0.400 6 -1.036 8 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.245 4 -3.953 3 2.658 5 0.628 5 0.132 0
2015 0.923 4 2.835 0 1.640 4 0.000 0 0.495 2 0.583 4 0.504 0 0.168 5 0.000 0
Table 3 Urban construction land expansion and economic growth decoupling relationship in Jilin Province
Study area Year
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Chang-
chun		 Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Growth link Growth negative decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Growth link Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Growth link
Jilin Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Growth link Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Strong negative decoupling Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state Weak decoupling Strong decoupling Weak decoupling Strong negative decoupling Growth negative decoupling
Siping Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Strong decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state Critical state Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Growth negative decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state Growth negative decoupling
Liaoyuan Growth negative decoupling Strong negative decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state Weak decoupling Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state Critical state
Tonghua Growth negative decoupling Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Strong decoupling Growth negative decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling
Bai-
shan		 Growth negative decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Strong negative decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Strong decoupling Growth negative decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling
Songyuan Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Growth negative decoupling Weak decoupling
Baicheng Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state Critical state Critical state Critical state Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling
Yanbian Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Strong decoupling Critical state Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Weak decoupling Critical state
Decoupling is the ideal state for economic growth, while negative decoupling and linking indicate that the consumption of urban construction land to promote growth is not economical. The link state is a transitional state between decoupling and negative decoupling. Table 2 shows the relationship between urban construction land expansion and economic growth decoupling status in the nine cities studied: From 2001 to 2015, there was a total of 135 uncoupling states in the nine cities (prefectures) of Jilin Province, and 88 of these were weak decoupling. It can be seen that Jilin Province as a whole showed a relatively weak and decoupled state, but according to the time series, three types of cities can be differentiated: cities with ideal decoupling, with basic decoupling, and with undesirable decoupling.

3.1 Ideal decoupling—Liaoyuan and Baishan

Liaoyuan City is an example of a city with a decoupling development trend. It changed from a negative decoupling state in 2001 and a strong and negative decoupling state in 2002 to the most ideal decoupling state. The city realized the ideal state of economic growth in the region with the dependence on the expansion of urban construction land weakening. The leading industry of Liaoyuan is mining, a resource consuming industry. However, with the depletion of mineral resources, the city’s economic and social development must be transformed. In the process, the development and utilization of urban land are bound to be affected. Because Liaoyuan is one of the first group of transitional cities the resources of which have been exhausted, the city has been working to realize an economic transformation in recent years. It is focused on accelerating industrial restructuring built around equipment manufacturing and the processing of agricultural products, both new industries for the city, strengthening the key tasks of ecological restoration and environmental governance, and accelerating the overall economic and social transformation of the city. Liaoyuan is relying on industrial transformation and forcing the transformation of land development and utilization, demonstrating that regional economic growth can move away from the excessive consumption of resources and realize sustainable socioeconomic development. Among resource-based cities in China in the midst of transformation, research suggests that the “Liaoyuan model” has been relatively successful. As this economic model matures, the experiences gained can be transferred to other cities trying to realize transformation (Lu et al., 2012). Baishan City began negatively decoupling in 2001, and after years of weak decoupling, it has developed a strong decoupling state in recent years. This indicates that the transformation and upgrading of economic development in this region has been successful, and has led to a gradual weakening of the reliance on land resources. Baishan is an important forest resource city in the eastern part of Jilin Province that is dominated by the coal industry and the forest industry. In recent years, it has worked to develop a low emission, low consumption, and high efficiency economy, with a focus on fostering circular economy industrial systems. Baishan has improved the efficiency of the land input-output ratio and realized the sustainable, healthy development of its economy and society.

3.2 Decoupling the basic ideal city—Changchun, Tonghua, Songyuan, Baicheng and Yanbian

The decoupling state for basic ideal cities is relatively mature. It indicates that economic growth and the expansion of construction land are both increasing. The economic growth rate is higher than the growth rate of the expansion of the construction land. Changchun is the provincial capital city and, thus, its economic development level is higher than that of other regions. Productive factors such as abundant capital, labor and technology should be integrated to take advantage of the economies of scale to improve the input and output efficiency of urban land and enhance the sustainable development of the urban economy. Tonghua City is a national model city for national private-enterprise, and should seize the opportunity for progress, improving the way land is supplied for urban construction and establishing land use methods suitable for the development of private industries. Songyuan City, a city with oil resources, must embark on a path of economic development that involves diversification of its industrial structure to keep pace with resource constraints and gradually reduce its dependence on the exploitation and utilization of land resources. Baicheng City, an important base for energy and commodity grain, has been vigorously developing an ecological and private sector economy in recent years, balancing the relationship between economic development and the utilization of construction land, and promoting the sustainable use of urban construction land. In Yanbian, industrial structure was readjusted and a new dual-axis pattern was introduced to drive industries and service industries, and guide the scientific development of urban construction land. In other cities, there are trends of weak decoupling, negative growth decoupling, and an uninterrupted transition of growth-linked decoupling, indicating that the consumption of urban construction land for economic growth in these areas is uneconomical. Against a background of a weak economic situation in Northeast China, economic development in the region still relies a great deal on dividends from the land. A path for economic development that breaks away from the consumption of resources has yet to come of age, and the system and an environment for changing the model of economic growth have not been established. It is difficult to achieve economic and sustainable development (Li et al., 2015; Che et al., 2014). Therefore, this second group of cities needs to increase their efforts to encourage alternative industries and optimize the industrial structures of their cities so as to increase land revenue and realize the intensive use of urban construction land.

3.3 Cities with undesirable decoupling —Jilin and Siping

Jilin City is the second-largest city in Jilin Province. It has undergone a transition, changing from a weak decoupling state to a critical state. Until recently, it exhibited strong negative-negative decoupling and a negative growth-uncoupled state, indicating that it is in an unsatisfactory situation where economic growth relies excessively on construction land expansion. In Siping City, after years of weak decoupling and critical states, the expansion of construction land and economic growth of the city were in the undesirable state of negative decoupling in 2015. The reason for this can be found in uncertainties and continued downward pressure on the economy. The growth rate of Jilin City’s total economic output has decreased since 2012, and it showed a declining trend in 2015. Ultimately, while economic growth indicators are decreasing, the amount of urban construction land is increasing. This indicates that the excessive expansion of urban construction land leads to inefficient economic growth; that is to say, resource substitution technology is not sufficient to promote economic growth. This growth mode is constrained by resources and the environment, and its sustainability is unacceptably weak. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously improve the technical level, promote the intensive and efficient use of land resources, and reverse the transformation of economic growth (Li et al., 2015). Siping City is important industrial city in Jilin Province that has seen a negative decoupling of the growth of urban construction land and economic growth in recent years. The main reason is that resource dependence causes economic development to be unsustainable, and excessive development of urban construction land leads to extensive and inefficient land use.

4 Conclusions and discussion

4.1 Conclusions

From 2001 to 2015, Jilin Province’s economic growth and expansion of urban construction land were dominated by weak decoupling, and the overall decoupling relationships were reasonable. The dependence of economic growth on urban construction land resources in Jilin Province gradually weakened. In spatial terms, there are considerable regional differences in decoupling relationship between cities and counties. These can be divided into 3 main types: ideal decoupling, basic ideal decoupling and decoupling. The basic ideal city gradually tends toward the ideal state, but the undesirable decoupling cities has a large gap with the ideal state.
Among the cities with ideal decoupling, the decoupling of economic growth and expansion of urban construction sites in Liaoyuan City, a resource-based mining city, and Baishan, a forest resources-based city, are the most ideal. The two cities have accelerated the transformation and upgrading of industrial structures by changing their economic development models. They have established circular economy systems, optimizing land use structure and design and improving land use efficiency. This development model can provide experience and guidance for other regions.
Changchun is a basic decoupling city that should coordinate and integrate all types of production factors, giving full play to the economies of scale. It needs to increase input and output efficiency of construction land, and provide guidance for other regions. Tonghua City should use policy advantages to establish urban land utilization methods that are suitable for the development of private sector industries to achieve an ideal decoupling state. Songyuan is an oil resource city that needs to develop alternative industries vigorously, transform an economic construction model centered on oil resources, and gradually reduce the dependence of land resources development and utilization. Baicheng and Yanbian should balance the relationship between economic growth and the development and utilization of construction land based the actual situation in their respective areas, so as to promote the healthy, sustainable development of the economy and society.
Among cities that are not optimized, Jilin City has experienced strong, negative decoupling in recent years. The main reasons are the unbalanced structure of the three industry types in the city and a lack of technical expertise, which taken together have led to unsatisfactory regional decoupling. Strict controls are needed to accelerate the adjustment of industrial structure and improve technological innovation capabilities. Siping City, an old industrial city in Jilin Province, has experienced negative growth and decoupling in recent years. The main reason is the low level of land resource’s development, transformation, and utilization. In the future, it will be necessary to scientifically control the supply of urban construction land, and promote the intensive use of urban land.

4.2 Discussion

The discontinuity in the decoupling statuses of various regions is mainly due to macroeconomic and government policies, and also related to the economic development model of the province. An economic growth model based on the consumption of construction land resources is difficult to sustain, so it is necessary to take active measures to promote the sustainable and healthy economic and social development of Jilin Province.
4.2.1 Strengthening the management of the supply of construction land
Land elements have different roles and make different contributions during different stages of social development (Ngai, 2004; Hansen et al., 2002). In order to change the model of economic development based on extensive use of traditional resources, it is necessary to make reasonable plans for the supply of land resources; a strict approval process and management system of land used for construction is especially important. We must implement scientific supervision of construction land, actively carry out evaluations of urban construction land, establish a system linking the index allocation of newly built construction land and the effect of intensive and concentrated land use, and carry out pre-project forecasts and post-project supervision of land to prevent excessive utilization of land (Zhou et al., 2017).
4.2.2 Improve the efficiency of construction land use
The laws of economic development tell us that during the process of economic growth, improving the efficiency of construction land plays an influential role in decoupling. From the two perspectives of the government and the market, effective control of the total amount of construction land and revitalization of the stock of construction land are important ways to achieve decoupling. First of all, it is necessary to implement a classified management system for construction land in different regions and industries, implement a land-use policy with an appropriate combination of rigidity and flexibility, and prioritize the supply of construction land for key regions, key industries, and key projects. In addition, abandoning the extensive use of traditional land, we need to effectively improve the level of technology, develop high-tech industries and gradually replace resource consuming industries, improve the input and output rate of construction land, and promote the development of regional land use for an intensive economy.
4.2.3 Transformation of economic development
Under the new economic normal, the transition from the traditional extensive economic development mode to the resource-environment-friendly sustainable development mode has become one of the most important goals of Jilin Province's industrial structure upgrading. Local cities and municipalities should develop their economy based on the natural and economic conditions in their regions to achieve stable economic growth. All regions should pay attention to the development of secondary industries, among the three industry groups. Special attention also needs to be given to upgrading tertiary industries, focusing on the development of service and high-tech industries to allow tertiary industry to be a positive driving force of the process of urbanization. This will reduce the excessive reliance on resources and improve the ability to develop the economy sustainably (He et al., 2011).

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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