Ecotourism in China

Flow Experience Study of Eco-tourists: A Case Study of Hunan Daweishan Mountain Ski Area

Expand
  • College of Tourism, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

Received date: 2017-04-22

  Online published: 2017-09-27

Supported by

Humanities and Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province (16JD48)

Abstract

Mountain skiing has become a popular winter ecotourism activity in China. Studying the loyalty of eco-tourists from the perspective of tourist experience is important to the continued development of mountain ski tourism. Based on the flow experience theory, we developed and tested a structural equation model to examine relationships among flow experience, positive emotions and the loyalty of eco-tourists. Survey data from 324 eco-tourists with skiing experience at Daweishan Mountain Ski Resort was used for exploratory factor, confirmatory factor and path analyses. Results revealed five dimensions of flow experiences of eco-tourists: Concentration on task at hand, Loss of self-consciousness, Transformation of time, Autotelic experience, and Challenge-skill balance. As hypothesized, influences of Transformation of time, Autotelic experience and Challenge-skill balance on positive emotions were significant and positive. Concentration on task at hand, Autotelic experience, Challenge-skill balance and positive emotions positively influenced the loyalty of eco-tourists. Suggestions for developing ecotourism products are discussed such as designing a conductive environment to activate flow experience, providing personalized service to promote positive emotion, and developing experiential tourism activities.

Cite this article

ZHENG Qunming, TANG Rong, MO Ting, DUAN Nijing, LIU Jia . Flow Experience Study of Eco-tourists: A Case Study of Hunan Daweishan Mountain Ski Area[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2017 , 8(5) : 494 -501 . DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2017.05.007

References

[1] Backman S J, Crompton J L. 1991. The Usefulness of Selected Variables for Predicting Activity Loyalty. Leisure Sciences , 13(5): 205 - 220.
[2] Backman S J, Veldkamp C. 2009. Examination of the Relationship between Service Quality and User Loyalty. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 13(2): 29 - 41.
[3] Bai Kand Guo S W. 2010. Study on the Impact of Inbound Tourists' Emotional Experience on Their Loyalty - A Case Study of Islamic Traditional Community in Huifang, Xi’an. Tourism Tribune , 25(12): 71 - 78. (in Chinese)
[4] Bigné J E, Andreu L, Gnoth J. 2005. The theme park experience: an analysis of pleasure, arousal and satisfaction. Tourism Management , 26(6): 833 - 844.
[5] Cabanac M.1971. Physiological role of pleasure. Science , 173(4002): 1103 - 1107.
[6] Cao H R, Yang K. 2013.The Structure and Influence Mechanism of Tourists Flow Experience in Tourism Consumption. Consumer Economics , 29(4): 74 - 79. (in Chinese)
[7] Cao H Z.2006.The New Consideration on Research of Pleasure Formation Mechanism in Tourist Experience: The Flow Theory. Northern Economy and Trade , 1): 13 - 14. (in Chinese)
[8] Carver C.S. 2003.Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. Cognition and Emotion , 17(2): 241 - 261.
[9] Chen J S, Gursoy D. 2001. An Investigation of Tourists’ Destination Loyalty and Preferences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 13(2): 79 - 85.
[10] Cong F. 2008. A Research on the Factors of Online Consumer Purchasing Behavior Based on Flow Theory. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University. (in Chinese)
[11] Csikszentmihalyi M, Rathunde, KevinJacobs, Janis E., editor. 1993.The measurement of flow in everyday life: Toward a theory of emergent motivation. Lincoln, NE, US: University of Nebraska Press.
[12] Csikszentmihalyi M, LeFevre J.1989.Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56(5): 815 - 822.
[13] Csikszentmihalyi M.1975. Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Press.
[14] Csikszentmihalyi M. 1990.Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper and Row Press.
[15] Dai BandLiu Y Z. 2015.Examining Users’ Intention to Continue Using Wechat based on The Expectation-Confirmation Model, Social Presence and Flow Experience. Modern Information , 35(3): 19 - 23.(in Chinese)
[16] Davidson E.J., Ekman P.,Saron C., et al .1990.Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: emotional expression and brain physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology : I,58(2): 330 - 341.
[17] Day G S.1969.A Two-dimensional Concept to Brand Loyalty. Journal of Advertising , 9(3): 29 - 35.
[18] Drengner J.,Gaus H. and Jahn S.2008.Does flow influence the brand image in Event marketing? Journal of Advertising Research , 48(1): 138 - 147.
[19] Du Q Z. 1999. Development Proposition of Ski Tourism in Heilongjiang. Study & Exploration , 4: 22 - 28. (in Chinese)
[20] Fredrickson B.L.1998.What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology , 3(2): 300 - 319.
[21] Fredrickson B.L.2012.Gratitude,like other positive emotions, Broadens and builds. In The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford University Press.
[22] Frijda N.H. 1986. The emotions. London: Cambridge University.
[23] Fu M Q, Wang H.2006. Evolution of Study on Flow State in Sports Psychology. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education , 1: 49 - 52. (in Chinese)
[24] HoffmanD L, Novak T P.1996.Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing , 60(3): 50 - 68.
[25] Hu W Y. 2012. Research on Online Purchase Intention based on Flow Theory. Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. (in Chinese)
[26] Jackson S A., Marsh H W. 1996. Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 18(1): 17 - 35.
[27] Jing J J. 2015. A Review of Foreign Researches on Flow Experience. Psychology: Techniques and Applications , 3(19): 54 - 58.(in Chinese)
[28] Li Y, Zhai Y L, Zou X D. 2000.Suggestions on Developing Ski Tourism in Daxing'anling Forest Region. Forestry Science and Technology Information , 3: 63 - 65. (in Chinese)
[29] Martin F, Eva H. 2016. Importance of early snowfall for Swedish ski resorts: Evidence based on monthly data. Tourism Management , 53: 61 - 73.
[30] M. Gilaberte-Búrdalo. 2014. Impacts of climate change on ski industry. Environmental Science & Policy , 44: 51 - 61.
[31] RussellJA., BarrettLF. 1999.Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76(5), 805 - 819.
[32] Schmidt, J. 1999.Overcoming Challenges: The Role of Opportunity, Action and Experience in Fostering Resilience among Adolescents. Presented at Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul. Brazil: Porto Alegre.
[33] Tao K. 2009.Virtual Interaction and Learning from the Perspective of Immersion Theory - Developing Adult Learners’ Learning Memory. Distance Education in China , 1: 20 - 25. (in Chinese)
[34] Teodoro L, María L, Sergio M. 2007.Do tourism-based ski resorts contribute to the homogeneous development of the Mediterranean mountains? A case study in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Tourism Management , 28(5): 1326 - 1339.
[35] Thomas S, Christoph S, Edith E et al . 2016. Effects of skiing on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses in middle-aged subjects with increased cardiovascular risk. International Journal of Cardiology , 203: 618 - 620.
[36] Vlachopoulos S P, Karageorghis C I, Terry P C. 2000. Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Flow State Scale in exercise. Journal of Sports Science , 18(10): 815 - 823.
[37] Wagner P, Delaveaux T. 2003.Assessing flow in surfing-A comparison of competitive and recreational surfing. from http://www.fepsac2003.dk/
[38] Wang B. 2009. The Research of Influential Factors of Tourists Destination Loyalty. Dalian:Dalian University of Technology. (in Chinese)
[39] WuCHJ, Liang RD. 2011. The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management , 32(2): 317 - 325.
[40] Wu M L. 2010. Questionnaire statistics analysis practice-SPSS operation and application. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press. (in Chinese)
[41] Xie Y J. 2006.The bipolar emotional model of the travel experience: happiness - pain. Research on Financial And Economic Issues , 5: 88 - 92. (in Chinese)
[42] Zhang D C. 2002. Ski Tourism and Human Culture. China Winter Sports , 1: 78 - 80.(in Chinese)

Outlines

/