This study takes Cangshan UNESCO Global Geopark as an example, which takes the connection between tourism and economic departments as the starting point, adopts appropriate tourism development methods, and determines that tourists are one of the most important stakeholder groups in tourism development. Based on this, this study aims to explore the tourists’ cognition and support for the sustainable tourism development of Cangshan Global Geopark. In this study, a self-administered questionnaire survey method is used to construct the tourist satisfaction evaluation model of Mount Cangshan, and the tourist satisfaction of various scenic spots in Mount Cangshan is calculated and evaluated. The characteristics, tendency and purpose of tourists are studied. This result provides an effective reference for strengthening the construction of the characteristics of Cangshan scenic area and the management of tourists’ complaints. It can also help Cangshan scenic area plan tourism arrangements more reasonably, improve social service level and provide tourists with “zero defect” tourism products.

Based on big data such as POI and tourism online reviews, the spatial distribution characteristics, distribution rationality and evaluation of the tourism experience quality of Beijing sports parks were explored by comprehensively using AHP analysis, GIS spatial analysis and other methods. The results show four important points. (1) From the perspective of overall spatial distribution rationality, the overall location distribution of the Beijing sports park layout is reasonable, but there are deviations and inappropriate distributions in local areas, showing a trend of regional tilt to the middle and North. The unsuitable areas for local distribution are mainly concentrated in the central and eastern regions, which are distributed in a state of “three scattered points”. (2) The evaluation system was constructed from the three dimensions of tourism subject, tourism object and tourism scene, and the evaluation index system for sports park tourism experience quality including three first-class indicators and 17 second-class indicators was established. (3) At present, the overall level of experience quality of sports parks in Beijing is relatively weak, since it was rated only at the level of good, so there is still a certain gap from the level of satisfaction. (4) The indicators of tourism experience quality at all levels are densely distributed, mainly in the main urban areas and southern areas of Beijing. Among the points at all levels, the experience of tourism objects is the most dispersed, the experience of tourism subjects is moderately distributed, and the experience of tourism scenes is the most concentrated. Finally, according to the spatial distribution characteristics and the evaluation of tourism experience quality, an optimization path of sports parks is constructed, and targeted suggestions are provided for the reasonable layout of sports parks and the improvement of tourist satisfaction.

The large-scale and rapid development of tourism has led to many challenges in the sustainable development of Ecological Conservation Areas (ECAs). In this study, we constructed the model of the development potential of green tourism (DPGT) in ECAs. We then used this model to measure and analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of DPGT in Beijing’s Ecological Conservation Area (BECA), and built the enhancement model of DPGT in BECA. Our results demonstrate that the DPGT in BECA continued to rise from 2011 to 2020, showing the spatial characteristics of high in the north and low in the south. Each district has a different development focus, so differentiated management measures need to be implemented in the different areas. Finally, we built the enhancement model of DPGT in BECA, with “zoning management, focused implementation” as the guideline, protective development of resources as the basic force, ecological optimization of the whole process as the sustainable force, high-quality building of industries as the core force, and the insistence on multi-subject participation as the guarantee force. This study developed a new method to measure DPGT in ECAs, and provided a systematic management framework for green tourism and regional green development in ECAs.

To deeply reach target markets and attract more tourists, a variety of media have been leveraged by tourism destination marketing organizations, particularly video games become a brand-new approach for destination marketing. With Assassin’s Creed: Unity as the research object, based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model, this article analyses and presents the influences of tourism destination factors in video games on the players’ perception of tourism destination image and their intention to visit. In this case, a conceptual model has been built with game factors as the independent variable, tourism destination image as the mediating variable and the players’ intention to visit as the dependent variable. Moreover, Multiple Regression is used in the analysis, proving significantly positive effects of game experience, character attachment, and tourism destination image on players' intention to visit. Consequently this study provides research support for the combination of tourism destination marketing and video games.

Tourism is an essential pillar to promote economic development. Under the context of “dual carbon” goal, which means the Chinese government delivery that China will reach peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, the measurement of tourism carbon emissions facilitate preparation for carbon reduction work, and premise the development of sustainable tourism. In this study, based on existing studies, meta-analysis was used to extract relevant data of all studies on carbon emissions of domestic scenic spots before 2022, and visualized methods and SPSS correlation analysis were used to analyze the relationship between per capita carbon emissions of tourists of scenic spots and other variables of scenic spots. The results show that: (1) With the year 2010 as the node, the number of study areas and the per capita carbon emissions of tourists in the scenic spot show an increasing trend over time. Before 2010, the average per capita carbon emissions in the scenic spot was 23.47 kg person^-1, and after 2010, it increased to 55.29 kg person^-1; (2) Within different types of scenic spots, the per capita carbon emissions of tourists were ranked as follows: natural category > mixed category > humanistic category. The per capita carbon emission of natural scenic spots is the largest, which is 66.13 kg person^-1; (3) By analyzing the factors affecting per capita carbon emissions, it is found that there is a significant positive correlation between per capita carbon emissions of tourists and the area of the scenic spots, whereby the larger the area of the scenic spots, the larger the per capita carbon emissions; (4) An increase in the number of days of tourist routes leads to a rise in per capita carbon emissions, and in this part of the research, the influence of the source of tourists, the type of hotels and the mode of transportation on per capita carbon emissions was studied.

Humans affect the global carbon cycle primarily through land use activities. In particular, the acceleration of opencast coal mining has induced serious problems such as the increase of carbon emissions in mining areas and the decline of ecosystem functions. Therefore, it has become critical to explore optimal land use structures with the best ecological benefits under low carbon emissions and provide theoretical support for the optimization and adjustment of land use structures in arid desert mining areas, especially in northwest China. Taking the Luotuoshan mining area in Wuhai City of northwest China as the research area, this study estimated carbon emissions from land use activities in the mining area and constructed a land use optimization scheme focused on low carbon emission and high ecological service value using a multi-objective programming model. The results showed that under the optimization scheme, the area of grassland and water land use types increased, while those of mining land and unused land decreased. Compared with 2021, the optimization scheme could decrease carbon emissions by 19045.93 tC and increase the ecosystem service value by 53381400 yuan. Thus, the optimization scheme of land use structure can improve the ecological benefits of land use and ensure low carbon emission in mining areas. The findings will provide scientific guidance for the optimization of the land use structure and ecological restoration in arid desert areas of northwest China.

In the arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China, moderate irrigation is a necessary condition for the early stage survival of vegetation reconstruction in the mining area. Through the method of field periodic observation and laboratory analysis, the ideal state of vegetation irrigation of mine dump slope should meet the following requirements: (1) Neither deep leakage nor slope runoff occurs in the irrigation process, so as to prevent secondary soil and water loss. (2) Soil moisture should be controlled below the safe threshold of slope stability to prevent excessive water from forming the phenomenon of the slump. Through the analysis of the field test data, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Water-saving irrigation system should be developed for different vegetation types and configurations for different hydrological years. (2) Two sets of water-saving irrigation technology schemes suitable for local areas were proposed. (3) A graded gradient irrigation technology, namely the primary irrigation water, should be completed in sections according to the up-slope: mid-slope: down-slope ratio of 55%: 30%: 15% to make full use of irrigation water and avoid slope runoff.

Drought is one of the main natural hazards affecting large areas’ economies and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to study the different aspects of the drought on the land with several indices like the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) index which can clarify the existing conditions for decisions and planning. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial pattern of drought by SPI index in the Fars Province located in the Southern part of Iran. In this paper, according to the data from 42 stations in Fars Province, during 1990-2019, the pattern of drought hazard is evaluated. In the presented model, several drought hazard criteria were used including the maximum severity of drought in the period, the trend of drought, and the maximum number of sequential arid years. The final drought risk map was obtained with an arithmetic mean of 3 criteria: intensity, continuity, and trend. The three criteria maps and final hazard map were interpolated by the Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) method and classified into five hazard classes none, slight, moderate, severe, and very severe. The obtained maps showed that the intensity, trend, and continuity of drought increases from the southeast to the northwest. The final vulnerability map shows that moderate hazard areas (36% of the region) observed in the Southern parts of the region are less widespread than areas under severe and very severe hazard (64% of the region) observed in the northern and central parts of the region. Preparation of these hazard maps may prove to be helpful for regional managers, and policymakers for environmental and agricultural strategies, not only in Iran but also in other countries facing this hazard.

Landslides are the major problems of mountainous areas of Nepal basically due to its fragile geomorphology, intense rainfall, improper land management practices and rapid construction of hilly roads without applying necessary stabilization measures. There are huge loss of life and property, decline in ecosystem productivity and functionality and sedimentation on downstream areas due to frequent landslides. Multiple spatial factors like land use land cover, topography, road, drainage, geological setting and climatic factors like rainfall are found more associated with landslide occurrence and determine landslide susceptibility of the area. Understanding of landslide phenomenon and associated factors are crucial for adopting appropriate prevention, control and rehabilitation measures. This study was carried out in Singati sub-watershed of Sunkoshi River Basin with objectives to understand landslide hazards, associated factors and activities performed to minimize possible hazards with best strategy of minimizing hazards. Landslide assessments were made through identification and digitization of landslides using temporal Google image and field investigation. Where landslide hazard assessment and preparation of factor map was done by using GIS software and field observed data were analyzed and dimension of landslides were calculated. Along with, People perceptions on major effects of landslides on livelihood assets, were explore from associated household's questionnaire survey (n=60) using purposive sampling. And most causative factor of landslide on the perception of local people was calculated using nonparametric test (Friedman). From the field survey, a total of 46 landslides were surveys in different location of the study area. The total area of the landslide was found to be 4.77 km². From the comparison matrix analysis using Friedman test, the study identified the main responsible factor for the occurrence of landslide are rural road, construction, slope factor rainfall and land use. The road factor up to 200 m area and 200-500 m distance from road covered the highest percentage of landslide hazard. Southeastern aspect with the slope class 30°-45° had the highest susceptibility to landslide. Dense forest was found to be more effected by landslide in comparison to other land use due to the construction of road in sloppy area inside the forest. Comparison the effects of landslide before and after the road construction about 80 percent of the respondent had the positive response on it.

Cushion plants are one kind of unique specie in alpine ecosystems. They have a compact perennial cushion structure and play a role in facilitating the survival of other associated species by improving the local micro-environment. They are called “engineers” in the alpine ecosystem and their enhancement of soil nutrient availability is one of the ways of their engineering effect. In this study, Androsace tapete, a species of cushion plant widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, was selected to investigate the dynamics of this process during the growing season at elevations of 4500 m and 4800 m on the southern slope of the Nyenchenthanglha mountains in Damxung. The effects of A. tapete on soil nutrient availability were analyzed by comparing the inorganic nitrogen content, net nitrogen mineralization rate and soil enzyme activities during the growing season in the soil under A. tapete and ambient grassland (CK). The results showed three important aspects of this system. (1) Soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen did not show significant differences at 4500 m, but the contents of nitrate nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen under the A. tapete soil significantly increased in the middle of the growing season at 4800 m, with nitrate nitrogen increasing by 56% and inorganic nitrogen increasing by 74.5%. (2) The trend and rate of soil nitrogen mineralization were both changed under A. tapete. In the 4500 m sample site, soil net nitrogen mineralization under A. tapete was negative (nitrogen immobilization) in the middle of the growing season, and the rate was -0.11 μg g^-1 d^-1, while that of CK was positive (nitrogen mineralization) and the rate was 0.61 μg g^-1 d^-1; and the difference between them was significant. However, both were positive in the early and late growing season, and the difference did not reach a significant level. In the 4800 m sample site, the soil net nitrogen mineralization under A. tapete was positive in the early part of the growing season, and the rate was 0.07 μg g^-1 d^-1, while the mineralization for CK was negative, and the rate was -1.17 μg g^-1 d^-1; and the difference was significant. In the middle of the growing season, both of them were negative, but the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate under A. tapete (-1.95 μg g^-1 d^-1) was significantly lower than that of CK (-0.02 μg g^-1 d^-1). At the late stage of the growing season, both of them were negative, and the difference was not significant. (3) Activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in the soil were significantly increased under A. tapete. Compared to CK at the 4500 m sample site, the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase under A. tapete were increased by 9.1% and 15.7%, respectively; and they were increased by 22.5% and 16.1%, respectively, at the 4800 m sample site. The activities of these two enzymes were significantly correlated with the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen in the soil. These results indicated that, compared to CK, the cushion plant A. tapete can change the process of soil nitrogen mineralization and the content of inorganic nitrogen, but that change had seasonal dynamics and spatial differences, which implies that this process was affected not only by the engineering of the cushion plant but also by changes in the local environment. Therefore, the engineering effect of cushion plant A. tapete was not constant during the growing seasons, and further studies are needed to clarify this process, especially considering the rapidly changing climate on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) is one of the important megafaunas in protected areas of the Terai (lowland) region of Nepal. They often encounter humans and their livelihood-supporting activities in the proximity of forest boundary within the protected area. The human-elephant conflict has been one of the major issues in the human settlement close to the protected area, which has caused economic losses and poised a threat to human lives every year. The issue has obstructed sustainable management initiatives within the protected areas. The objective of the study is to analyze the cause of the human-elephant conflict in the Buffer Zone of Bardiya National Park and to assess people’s perception of this megafauna. The structured questionnaire survey was done in three municipalities within the Buffer Zone of Bardiya National Park. Besides, key informants’ interview was done to supplement the questionnaire survey. The result shows that 93% of the respondents have been a victim of elephant attacks in the past three years. Last year, on average, each household lost approximately NRs 9690 (USD 1 = NRs 132.72) worth of stored harvest due to the elephant attack. Most of the attack occurs during the season between July to September, followed by the season between October to December. It also indicates that the preference of elephants for crops is the primary cause of elephant attacks/raids in the study area. The second important cause of the elephant attack is insufficient food base which is followed by the expansion of agricultural fields towards the forest. Ninety percent of respondents react to the elephant attack by chasing them (using fire or noise). Fifty-one percent of respondents accept the human-elephant coexistence because of their biological and economic values. However, 40% of them reject the coexistence because of the threat posed by the elephant upon the local people and their livelihood. Human-elephant conflict hinders the management campaign and therefore has to be resolved through collaboration of the protected area, the local people and the administrative stakeholders. It is suggested that more study has to be made to acknowledge the pattern of residing as well as migrating elephants around forest boundaries and adjacent settlements.

Transferring the houses of ancient town residents for the development of home-stays is an effective way to leverage the leading role of ancient towns in rural revitalization. Based on the questionnaire survey data of residents in Luomu Ancient Town of Emeishan City, this study used a Logistic regression model to study the residents’ willingness to transfer their houses and its influencing factors. The results showed that the age of the householder, the education level of the householder, the number of migrant workers in the family and the per capita housing area have significant effects on the housing transfer willingness of the residents. The residents of ancient town pay much attention to issues such as the transferring price of the house, whether the transferring rent can be paid to the account on time, the integrity and strength of the home-stay operators, and whether there is any governmental guarantee. According to the results of the data analysis, the following suggestions were put forward: (1) Strengthening the propaganda and guidance of young and well-educated family members, so as to have a positive impact on the householder; (2) Increasing the vocational skills training of the family labor forces in the ancient town, and encouraging more family labor force to be migrant workers; (3) Relocating the resettling the residents of the ancient town in other places; and (4) Increasing investment promotion efforts to attract enterprises with high integrity and strong strength to the overall transferring operation. This would to ensure that they can withstand higher transferring prices, and it is important that multiple measures are taken to reduce the concerns of risks in the residential housing transfer process.

Introducing carbon financial derivatives and improving the carbon trading system are indispensable means for promoting carbon emission reductions. However, the reasonable pricing of carbon financial derivatives is crucial for launching related financial products. Here, the bilateral gamma distribution was used to fit the carbon quota yield series for the first time and compute the volatility of the carbon quota price, based on which the carbon option price was calculated by optimizing the option pricing model. The experimental results show that the carbon quota yield sequence approximately follows the bilateral gamma distribution and the model is reasonable for carbon option pricing. Subsequently, considering the relationship between continuous rise and fall rate in yield and the influence of trading volume on price, the formula of conditional probability of price rise and fall is derived by using bilateral gamma distribution, and numerical verification is carried out. Therefore, bilateral gamma distribution can be used for option pricing and price probability inference in carbon trading.

Based on the Mixed Logit model, the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for waste mobile phone recycling among college students in Beijing was investigated using a discrete choice experiment method. The research results three aspects of respondents’ choices and WTP. (1) Their choices are positively affected by information security, recycling price, recycling method and payment method, and negatively affected by payment amount. (2) Respondents have the highest WTP for information security (30.04 yuan), followed by the recycling price (5.94 yuan) and payment method (4.41 yuan), and the lowest WTP for recycling models (2.87 yuan). (3) Personal socio-economic characteristics such as gender, annual household income, and the number of mobile phones held by respondents have significant impacts on their recycling WTP. The deeper the respondents' awareness of the environmental protection effect of waste mobile phone recycling, the more enthusiasm they have for the recycling behavior, the higher their participation in recycling, and the higher their WTP for recycling.

In minority areas of Yunnan, China, the ecological environment is fragile, and social and economic development is not sufficient. The research on the evolution of human-earth systems can provide scientific guidance for solving the contradiction between environmental protection and social and economic development and promoting high-quality regional development. In this study, based on the structural division of the human-earth system, we established a comprehensive evaluation model by the data envelopment analysis (DEA) to analyze the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the man-earth system in minority areas of Yunnan in terms of the coordinated development degree and the comprehensive efficiency of the system. The results show that: (1) From 1995 to 2020, the coordinated development degree of the human-earth system in minority areas of Yunnan showed an overall upward trend, with the average value rising from 0.31 in 1995 to 0.74 in 2020. (2) The average comprehensive efficiency of inputs and outputs of the human-earth system showed a downward trend; in particular, after 2007, the number of regions with ineffective DEA gradually increased, indicating that the development model of high inputs and consumption has not been effectively changed. (3) By calculating the system indicator weights using the entropy method, we found that the comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste, total foreign trade and urbanization rate greatly impacted the coordinated development efficiency of the human-earth system in minority areas of Yunnan.

As an important measure for maintaining the ecological environment, green infrastructure also plays a significant role in industrial development and economic growth. The current traditional green infrastructure construction method is based on a combination of vertical and horizontal ecological processes, but it does not take into account the complexity of the ecosystem or the motivating effect of green infrastructure on industry. This study investigated how green infrastructure can play the leading role in industry while considering the complexity of the ecosystem. Hanwang Town is the most representative village and town in China with the leading agricultural tourism industry, and it is located in the northern part of Jiangsu Province. However, the ecological security patterns of villages and towns have been severely damaged in recent years, and the green infrastructure has not played a leading role in industry. Therefore, taking Hanwang Town as the research area, the data of the third national survey were combined with relevant statistical data. Then, from the perspective of the agriculture and tourism industries, ecosystem services were used as a bridge to improve the recent green infrastructure construction methods, and finally better strategies are proposed according to the optimization results. The research results revealed three important aspects of this system. (1) The optimization method can comprehensively consider the impact of environmental factors, objectively reflect the value of ecological services in the form of currency, reflect the importance of ecological environmental protection with intuitive values，and enhance people's awareness of ecological protection. (2) The selection of ecological factors takes into account the local characteristic industries of Hanwang villages and towns, and adding the appropriate industry-related ecological factors makes the identification of ecological sources based on ecosystem services more scientific, and can also bring benefits to the local residents. (3) The newly constructed green infrastructure fully takes into account the landscape, ecology, tourism and other roles played by tourist attractions on the ecological corridor. There are six tourist attractions in the selected ecological nodes, forming an ecological network space with an agglomeration economic function, and this allows the ecological service function to be better integrated. The findings of this research can effectively solve the shortcomings of the traditional green infrastructure construction methods, and reveal optimization strategies for the problems existing in the current green infrastructure construction in Hanwang Town. At the same time, they can also provide a reference for the green infrastructure construction of agricultural and eco-tourism villages and towns in other regions.

Building livable urban space is an important component of urban construction. The evaluation of urban space livability is of great significance for urban sustainable development. The study measured the level of urban spatial livability in the urban area of Hefei from the spatial perspective of production-living-ecological space (PLES), using spatial analysis methods, to provide new ideas for the construction of livable urban spatial and to promote the coordination of urban spatial elements and spatial optimization. Firstly, this study constructed the evaluation model for urban spatial livability from three perspectives: Comfortable living, convenient production and ecological health. Secondly, using the evaluation model for urban spatial livability, the global spatial autocorrelation analysis method and the coupling coordination degree model, the single factor differentiation of urban space livable potential, comprehensive livable degree and the coupling degree of PLES in the urban area of Hefei were analyzed, respectively. Finally, this study discusses the coordination of PLES elements of the urban space in Hefei urban area, and puts forward spatial optimization strategies. The results show three important aspects of this system. (1) In terms of the single-factor livability of living, production and ecology, there are significant differences in the spatial distribution characteristics of the livability of the Hefei urban area. There is a spatial clustering of living comfort areas in the center, a spreading of production convenience areas from the center to the periphery, and a scattering of ecological health areas around the perimeter. (2) The overall livability of the urban space in Hefei is high. In terms of space, it shows the characteristics of high in the middle and low around the periphery, and the high-value area of livability is mainly concentrated in the urban center. (3) The coupling coordination degree of PLES in the urban area of Hefei is high in the city center and low around the city. The coupling coordination degree of life-production is the highest, which indicates that the spatial layout of these two elements has certain rationality and achieves benign coordination.

The reasonable allocation of green infrastructure (GI) can improve the environmental quality of human settlements and urban residents’ happiness. We used hedonic price and quantile regression models to quantitatively examine the impact of GI accessibility on housing prices, and the heterogeneity of this impact across different housing prices. The results showed that: (1) GI accessibility significantly affected housing prices. In addition, every 1% increase in GI area increased housing prices by approximately 0.3%. (2) GI accessibility had different effects on different housing prices; that is, different housing prices had different sensitivities to GI accessibility. This was especially true in the 25%-75% range of housing prices, where housing prices were negatively correlated with the time to the nearest GI. During urban development, reasonable planning and construction of urban GI should be undertaken to meet urban residents’ needs for GI and promote sustainable urban development.

Urban-rural integration development is an important means of realising rural revitalisation, and agricultural and rural modernisation. We used the entropy method, kernel density analysis, the spatial exploratory data analysis method, and a geographic probe to analyse the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of urban-rural integration and its influencing factors in Hebei Province from 2005 to 2020. We found: First, urban-rural integration in the province’s counties shows a fluctuating, albeit overall upward trend. In particular, 2005‒2010 exhibited a fluctuating trend, while 2011-2020 exhibited rapid improvement in urban-rural integration. Second, the urban-rural integration development shows some persistence, with faster-developing (slower-developing) areas continue developing faster (slower). Third, the influencing factors of the urban-rural integration level diversify and evolve over time, with the number of dominant factors gradually growing from one to relatively diversified.

In the new stage of China’s economic development, significant transformations have occurred in the mode, emphasis and speed of urban development. Enhancing the level of livelihood public service and promoting the green development of cities have emerged as the prevailing themes of contemporary urban development. Based on a theoretical model analysis, using the panel data of 281 cities in China from 2007 to 2020, this paper adopts the fixed-effect model for empirical analysis. The study revealed the following four main points. (1) The provision of livelihood public services can effectively enhance the efficiency of urban green development. After conducting a series of robustness tests, this conclusion is still valid. (2) The provision of livelihood public services only fosters the green transformation of non-resource-based cities, while its impact on resource-based cities remains non-significant. (3) The mechanism test demonstrated that livelihood public services promote green development efficiency mainly through population, innovation and producer services agglomeration. (4) The threshold effect test showed that there are differences in the nonlinear relationship between the livelihood public service level and urban green development efficiency under different threshold variables.

Based on the data from the 1991-2016 agricultural investment of China’s Taiwan in China’s Mainland and the agricultural GDP of the latter, through models of vector autoregressive (VAR) and vector error correction (VEC), the influences of China’s Taiwan agricultural investment on the development of agriculture in the eastern, central, and western regions of China are discussed. The results show a long-term equilibrium relationship between China’s Taiwan agricultural investment and agricultural development in China’s eastern, central, and western regions. In the long term, China’s Taiwan investment in agriculture in the eastern, central, and western regions of China have certain positive promoting effect on their agricultural development. However, there is an obvious regional diversity in investment effect: Impulse response and variance decomposition show that the positive effect from China’s Taiwan agricultural investment in China’s western region agricultural development is most significant, and it is significantly higher than that in the eastern region; its contribution to the central region’s agricultural development is little. VEC model analysis shows that in the short term, China’s Taiwan investment in agriculture has a significant positive effect on the agricultural development of China’s eastern region, but not on the agricultural development of the central and western regions.

Agroforestry systems present multiple benefits which include enrichment of soil quality via the use of fertilizer trees, provision of a micro climate due to tree canopies and generation of forest products such as firewood and other medicinal outputs. Agroforestry helps in better land management, livelihood diversification and to increase the land productivity. However, the debate on the role of agroforestry to help as a climate change adaption strategy has been increasing among the policy makers and other stakeholders. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of agroforestry as a climate change adaptation strategy. The data were primarily collected from 120 respondents in Taksar of Lamjung District through questionnaire survey. A Chi-square test and binary logistic model were used to analyze the factors influencing household choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. Similarly, regular triangulation and verification of the obtained data were made through interviews, discussions and observations followed by the analysis of documents. The study reveals that the farmers adopt many strategies in response to climate change. These strategies include crop-livestock diversification (71%), use of improved varieties of crops, fertilizers and pesticides (73%), agroforestry (68%), diversification of income generating activities (72%), change in crop calendar (57%) and multiple cropping strategies (67%). From the Chi-square test and binary logistic model, it was found that “farming experience” and “educational level” along with “farm size” and “gender” have a significant role on climate change adaptation strategies. Agroforestry possesses different benefits like increased catchment for rivers (79.2%), improved micro-climate (80.8%), increased wood products (71.7%), increased food outputs (83.3%), improved livestock health and livestock products (77.5%), improved soil fertility rate (84.2%) and diversification of livelihood options (82.2%). Given the findings, the study concludes that agroforestry is an approach to agricultural production that can reduce the impacts of climate change on local environment. The major recommendation from this study is that promotion and adoption of agroforestry can help local communities as an adaptation option to climate change impacts.

Based on a large national sample of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) database, the study will to provide some thoughts and suggestions for the transformation and upgrading of China’s agriculture, the enhancement of total factor productivity by exploring the agricultural production efficiency from the micro-farmers’ perspective. By constructing the models of Charnes, Cooper & Rhodes (CCR), Banker, Charnes & Cooper (BCC), Slacks-Based Model (SBM) and technology optimization Malmquist-Luenberger index, it finally obtained the comprehensive technical efficiency value, pure technical efficiency value, farm household efficiency value and green total factor productivity level value at the micro-farm household level based on the comparative analysis. It was found that: the comparison of the measures based on different models found that although there are differences in the calculated efficiency values, the pure technical efficiency values calculated by BCC are the main factors affecting the micro agricultural production efficiency values at the farmer level, the SBM model should optimize the CCR, BCC models, and more suitable for Chinese government policy formulation and optimization; the technology optimization Malmquist-Luenberger index method is the micro agricultural production efficiency measurement method of choice, with the characteristics of diverse model selection, rich application scenarios and convenient processing of negative outputs; environmental factors in the current evaluation of agricultural green total factor productivity, mainly play a negative inhibitory role, reducing the negative externalities of environmental variables output, become one of the key issues facing the current micro farm layer green total factor production enhancement; the combination of subjective and objective measures of environmental non-desired output is an important way to measure environmental factors of agricultural green total factor productivity, it can be used in practical applications based on a combination of research objectives and data availability.

Indigenous rice, which can grow at higher altitudes, contains unique genes and genetic characteristics, but its future survival is uncertain. The conservation of indigenous rice is of great significance from the perspectives of both germplasm resource conservation and economic value. This paper puts forward suggestions for indigenous rice conservation in Yuanjiang County based on the stakeholder theory and the results of the three-party evolutionary game model involving the local government, enterprises or cooperatives, and farmers. This paper also provides references for the conservation and sustainable utilization of agricultural biodiversity and genetic resources in other crops. The results of the three-party evolutionary game model showed that in the short term, the protection of indigenous rice is in urgent need of encouragement and guidance from governments. This study found a close relationship between subsidies from the government and enthusiasm for buying and planting indigenous rice among enterprises as well as farmers. When the coefficient of governmental subsidy was low, enterprises tended to “not purchase”. On the contrary, when the coefficient of governmental subsidy was higher, the enterprises reached an evolutionary stable state faster, but the government reached the evolutionary stable state more slowly. When the coefficient of governmental subsidy to farmers was large, farmers tended to “do not plant” and the government tended to “do not encourage”. Therefore, the government should carefully weigh the subsidies, and take into account the local financial situation and the status quo of the restoration of indigenous rice planting as well as in-situ protection.

The green production of food currently faces the challenge of technological shortage. As agricultural technology services are an important source of technical knowledge for farmers, it is of great significance to explore how agricultural technology services influence the efficiency of green food production in order to improve its productivity. This study utilized data from the China Land and Economy Survey (CLES). Firstly, the three-stage DEA model was used to calculate the efficiency of green food production. Secondly, the generalized random forest model was used to empirically test the impact, heterogeneity, and pathways of agricultural technology services on the efficiency of green food production. This study found that: (1) Agricultural technology services have a significant positive impact on the efficiency of green food production. Among the stages, pre-production and mid-production agricultural technology services significantly improve the efficiency of green food production. However, post-production agricultural technology services do not show a significant impact. Additionally, the combination of agricultural technology services has a significant improvement effect on the efficiency of green food production. (2) The marginal effects of resource allocation by farmers have heterogeneity in terms of the impact on the efficiency of agricultural technology services in improving green food production. An increase in the proportion of the family agricultural labor force and the expansion of family-operated arable land scale significantly reduce the returns of agricultural technology services. (3) An analysis of mechanism variables showed that agricultural technology services mainly affect the efficiency of green food production through pesticide and fertilizer usage behavior, and significantly contribute to its improvement. The government should expand the scope of agricultural technology services and fully utilize their potential to improve the efficiency of green food production. Tailored strategies and policies should be implemented to guide the concept of green production during the provision of agricultural technology services, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural practices among farmers.

Based on the existing research on natural resource accounting, this study attempts to further enrich the administrative attributes of natural resource accounting. Through the analysis and comparison of previous publications, a mechanism for improving the construction of the natural resources report is proposed, with the dual aims of meeting the Chinese government’s supervision and audit demands in resource administration and overcoming the deficiencies of the Natural Resources Balance Sheet (NRBS) in scientific research and actual practice. By analyzing the influences of human factors on natural resources, the information structure and accounting contents of the natural resources report are given. The results demonstrate that the natural resource report system is reasonable and feasible in terms of its logical and theoretical basis. The framework of the system consists of four parts: the statement of the basic situation of natural resources, the statement of the protection and restoration of natural resources, the statement of resource use, and the statement of the degree of destruction of the natural resources. The results of this study provide reference statements for the NRBS, the natural resource quality statement, the protection and restoration policy statement, the protection and restoration funding statement, the natural disaster statement, and the registration form of resource destruction cases. This study provides a reference for the innovation of the natural resource administration system, in which the supervision and administration of natural resources are the main criteria.

Satellite remote sensing provides the changes information of Earth surface on large spatial scale in a long time series and has been widely used in ecology. However, the possible impact from human activities generally occurs on a smaller spatial scale and could be detected in a longer time, which requires the remote sensing data having the both higher spatial and temporal resolution. Meanwhile, the development of the spatiotemporal data fusion algorithm provides an opportunity for the requirements. In this paper, based on deep learning, we proposed a residual convolutional neural network (Res-CNN) model to improve the fusion result considerably with brand-new network architecture to fuse the NDVI retrievals from Landsat 8 and MODIS images. Experiments conducted in two different areas demonstrate improvements by comparing them with existing algorithms. The model performance was evaluated by a linear regression between predictions and observations and quantified by determination coefficients (R²), regressive ecoefficiency (slope). The two excellent models, ESTARFM and FSDAF, were compared with the new model on their performance. The results showed that the predicted NDVI had the higher exploitational on the variability in the Landsat-based NDVI with the R² of 0.768 and 0.807 at the urban and grassland sites. The predicted NDVI was well consistent with the observations with the slope of 1.01 and 0.989, and the R-RMSE of 95.76% and 93.58% at the urban and grassland sites respectively. This study demonstrated that the Res-CNN model developed in this paper exhibits higher accuracy and stronger robustness than the traditional models. This research is full implications because it not only provides a model on the spatio-temporal data fusion, but also can provide the data of a long time series for the management and utilization of agriculture and grassland ecosystems on the regional scale.

To investigate the potential impact of emission reduction measures on ozone (O₃) formation under the carbon neutrality target, we examined the changes in O₃ concentration and their sensitivity to various parameters in the urban and suburban areas of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). In this study, we used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) and the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Modeling system (CMAQ) air quality model to simulate O₃ formation in three key years of 2020, 2030 and 2060, based on the Ambitious-pollution-Neutral-goal scenario data from the Dynamic Projection for Emissions in China (DPEC) model. The decoupled direct method (DDM) module embedded in CMAQ was used to calculate the first-order sensitivity coefficients of O₃ to nitrogen oxides (S_{O3_NOx}) and volatile organic compounds (S_{O3_VOC}). The results show several important trends in the O₃ concentrations and sensitivity. (1) For the changes in O₃ concentrations, in terms of different seasons, the O₃ concentration in the GBA region shows an increasing trend in winter in both 2030 and 2060 compared to 2020. In terms of different cities, the O₃ concentration in Shenzhen shows a significant increasing trend compared to the other cities. (2) For changes in O₃ sensitivity, S_{O3_NOx} shows an increasing trend, with the negative area declining and the positive area increasing. In 2030, the negative absolute value of S_{O3_NOx} is reduced, indicating that the NO_x titration effect will be weakened. In 2060, S_{O3_NOx} becomes positive in most areas of the GBA region. For S_{O3_VOC}, the future scenario shows positive values throughout the study area for all years, but a decreasing trend.

The High-Altitude Bhagirathi Valley (HA-BV) in Garhwal Himalaya is a region of significant ecological and cultural importance, which is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Community-based approaches to climate change adaptation (CB-CCA) have emerged as an important strategy to build resilience and sustain the local community's economic and social well-being. This paper aims to examine the CB-CCA and livelihood security initiatives in HA-BV, focusing on the strategies implemented to address the challenges posed by climate change. The paper analyzes the successes and challenges of these approaches and contributes to the discourse on sustainable development in the Himalayan region. The study findings can inform future efforts to build climate resilience and livelihood security in similar contexts. This research demonstrates the potential of CB-CCA to enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and provides insights into the co-benefits of sustainable development and climate resilience in HA-BV.