Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2022, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (3): 518-527.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.03.016
• Some Hot Topics in Ecology and Resources Use (Guest Editors: MIN Qingwen, SHI Peili) • Previous Articles Next Articles
LI Fen(), GAO Nannan(
), PENG Rui, HE Longbin, LAI Yupei, YANG Shiqi
Received:
2021-08-10
Accepted:
2021-12-22
Online:
2022-05-30
Published:
2022-04-18
Contact:
GAO Nannan
About author:
LI Fen, E-mail: lifen009@126.com
Supported by:
LI Fen, GAO Nannan, PENG Rui, HE Longbin, LAI Yupei, YANG Shiqi. Selecting the Appropriate Urban Biodiversity Restoration Indices based on the Pressure-State-Response Model and a Multi-scale Management Problem Investigation in Zhuhai City[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(3): 518-527.
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URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.03.016
Categories of vertebrate animals | Number of surveyed species | Decrease | Increase | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2018-2019 | |||
Amphibian | 22 | 22 | 2 | 2 |
Reptiles | 54 | 49 | 6 | 1 |
Birds | 159 | 148 | 50 | 39 |
Mammals | 19 | 17 | 7 | 5 |
Total | 254 | 236 | 65 | 47 |
Table 1 Changes of species in various vertebrate groups in Zhuhai City
Categories of vertebrate animals | Number of surveyed species | Decrease | Increase | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2018-2019 | |||
Amphibian | 22 | 22 | 2 | 2 |
Reptiles | 54 | 49 | 6 | 1 |
Birds | 159 | 148 | 50 | 39 |
Mammals | 19 | 17 | 7 | 5 |
Total | 254 | 236 | 65 | 47 |
Location | Ecosystem | Species protection level | |
---|---|---|---|
National-II | Provincial | ||
Qi'ao Island | Wetland | 11 | 14 |
Hengqin Island | Wetland | 5 | 6 |
Huitong Village | Construction land | 2 | 4 |
Matou Village | Construction land | 3 | 9 |
Caolang Village | Construction land | 1 | 7 |
Hezhou north | Farmland | 2 | 5 |
Wuqing Village | Construction land | 3 | 5 |
Qingwu Village | Construction land | 2 | 3 |
Shalong Village | Construction land | 4 | 3 |
Table 2 Main locations and ecosystems of key protected birds species in Zhuhai City
Location | Ecosystem | Species protection level | |
---|---|---|---|
National-II | Provincial | ||
Qi'ao Island | Wetland | 11 | 14 |
Hengqin Island | Wetland | 5 | 6 |
Huitong Village | Construction land | 2 | 4 |
Matou Village | Construction land | 3 | 9 |
Caolang Village | Construction land | 1 | 7 |
Hezhou north | Farmland | 2 | 5 |
Wuqing Village | Construction land | 3 | 5 |
Qingwu Village | Construction land | 2 | 3 |
Shalong Village | Construction land | 4 | 3 |
Municipal department | Main problems indicated |
---|---|
Ecology and Environment Bureau | The calculation standards, regulations, and implementation rules of ecological compensation are unsound |
Bureau of Natural Resources | The existing forest land is of low quality, and the construction of high-quality water source forests is expected to be included in the ecological restoration; the criteria for determining the natural shoreline after restoration shall be clarified |
Housing Construction Bureau | There is a conflict between green space planning and urban regulatory planning; achieving a balance between green space occupation and compensation is difficult; improvements of the refinement of management and construction are required; the specific indicators of ecological restoration must be clarified |
Water Authority | Part of the dikes are occupied by enterprises; management authority is not clear |
Natural Resources Monitoring Center | The rescue force for wild animals is weak and urgently needs to be strengthened |
Mangrove Management Area | The relationship between the reserve and the surrounding communities and management issues should be studied |
Marine Environment Monitoring Center | There are approximately 20 to 30 species of red tide organisms in the coastal waters of Zhuhai |
White Dolphin Authority | Chinese white dolphins are listed as Zhuhai's ecological business card; the second phase of the rescue base facilities and maintenance funds are insufficient |
Table 3 Feedback on the main problems from municipal government departments
Municipal department | Main problems indicated |
---|---|
Ecology and Environment Bureau | The calculation standards, regulations, and implementation rules of ecological compensation are unsound |
Bureau of Natural Resources | The existing forest land is of low quality, and the construction of high-quality water source forests is expected to be included in the ecological restoration; the criteria for determining the natural shoreline after restoration shall be clarified |
Housing Construction Bureau | There is a conflict between green space planning and urban regulatory planning; achieving a balance between green space occupation and compensation is difficult; improvements of the refinement of management and construction are required; the specific indicators of ecological restoration must be clarified |
Water Authority | Part of the dikes are occupied by enterprises; management authority is not clear |
Natural Resources Monitoring Center | The rescue force for wild animals is weak and urgently needs to be strengthened |
Mangrove Management Area | The relationship between the reserve and the surrounding communities and management issues should be studied |
Marine Environment Monitoring Center | There are approximately 20 to 30 species of red tide organisms in the coastal waters of Zhuhai |
White Dolphin Authority | Chinese white dolphins are listed as Zhuhai's ecological business card; the second phase of the rescue base facilities and maintenance funds are insufficient |
District department | Main problem feedback |
---|---|
Gaolan Port District | The key to the transmission system at the municipal and district levels lies in funding; indicators should consider the differentiation of each district |
Doumen, Gaoxin, Jinwan and other districts | The scope of river management is not clear, and there are conflicts between urban planning and land planning |
Xiangzhou District | The balance between green space occupancy and compensation cannot be controlled at the district-management and implementation level; the maintenance cost of landscape ponds is high |
Wanshan District | Law enforcement is weak, and there are no relevant regulations to support the implementation of ecological restoration projects on uninhabited islands; the plan should not restrict economic development and should not be restricted too much during the biodiversity conservation |
Hengqin District | Approaches of how to link with Macau and utilize ecological resources need to be considered |
Toyama District | The restrictive conditions and mandatory tasks for the grassroots departments should be carefully considered; the district has undertaken the city's garbage disposal, and hopes that the ecological compensation will be executed |
Table 4 Feedback on the main problems from district government departments
District department | Main problem feedback |
---|---|
Gaolan Port District | The key to the transmission system at the municipal and district levels lies in funding; indicators should consider the differentiation of each district |
Doumen, Gaoxin, Jinwan and other districts | The scope of river management is not clear, and there are conflicts between urban planning and land planning |
Xiangzhou District | The balance between green space occupancy and compensation cannot be controlled at the district-management and implementation level; the maintenance cost of landscape ponds is high |
Wanshan District | Law enforcement is weak, and there are no relevant regulations to support the implementation of ecological restoration projects on uninhabited islands; the plan should not restrict economic development and should not be restricted too much during the biodiversity conservation |
Hengqin District | Approaches of how to link with Macau and utilize ecological resources need to be considered |
Toyama District | The restrictive conditions and mandatory tasks for the grassroots departments should be carefully considered; the district has undertaken the city's garbage disposal, and hopes that the ecological compensation will be executed |
No. | Name | Area (ha) | Protection level |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Hengqin National Wetland Park | 327.4 | National level |
2 | Huafashui County Provincial Wetland Park | 67.0 | Provincial level |
3 | Qi'ao Mangrove Wetland Park | 460.0 | District level |
4 | Hengqin Coastal Wetland Park | 60.0 | District level |
5 | Nanhu Lake Wetland Park | 70.0 | District level |
6 | Dongwan Wetland Park | 12.0 | District level |
7 | Shili Lianjiang Wetland Park | 33.4 | District level |
8 | Damenkou Wetland Park | 95.0 | District level |
9 | Huangyanghe Wetland Park | 40.0 | County level |
10 | Jinwan Central River Wetland Park | 18.8 | County level |
Table 5 Planned wetland parks in Zhuhai City
No. | Name | Area (ha) | Protection level |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Hengqin National Wetland Park | 327.4 | National level |
2 | Huafashui County Provincial Wetland Park | 67.0 | Provincial level |
3 | Qi'ao Mangrove Wetland Park | 460.0 | District level |
4 | Hengqin Coastal Wetland Park | 60.0 | District level |
5 | Nanhu Lake Wetland Park | 70.0 | District level |
6 | Dongwan Wetland Park | 12.0 | District level |
7 | Shili Lianjiang Wetland Park | 33.4 | District level |
8 | Damenkou Wetland Park | 95.0 | District level |
9 | Huangyanghe Wetland Park | 40.0 | County level |
10 | Jinwan Central River Wetland Park | 18.8 | County level |
Land use type | 1999 (km2) | 2009 (km2) | 2018 (km2) |
---|---|---|---|
Arable land | 539.7993 | 427.2948 | 230.7276 |
Woodland | 513.4698 | 505.1610 | 655.2864 |
Construction land | 166.0491 | 336.8313 | 358.5105 |
Unused land | 35.8002 | 6.8040 | 74.5146 |
Ponds | 144.819 | 144.4491 | 156.8709 |
Waters | 129.5649 | 202.4496 | 138.9474 |
Tidal land | 206.2611 | 119.9592 | 128.0691 |
Table 6 Land cover/land use statistics in Zhuhai City
Land use type | 1999 (km2) | 2009 (km2) | 2018 (km2) |
---|---|---|---|
Arable land | 539.7993 | 427.2948 | 230.7276 |
Woodland | 513.4698 | 505.1610 | 655.2864 |
Construction land | 166.0491 | 336.8313 | 358.5105 |
Unused land | 35.8002 | 6.8040 | 74.5146 |
Ponds | 144.819 | 144.4491 | 156.8709 |
Waters | 129.5649 | 202.4496 | 138.9474 |
Tidal land | 206.2611 | 119.9592 | 128.0691 |
Fig. 3 NDVI (vegetation coverage) changes between 1999 and 2018. (a) Map of NDVI (vegetation coverage) change between 1999 and 2018; (b) Comparison of NDVI (vegetation coverage) change rates by area proportions in Zhuhai City.
Category | No. | Indices | Explanation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human activities | 1 | 1-1 | Agriculture, aquaculture, forestry management | Human activities |
1-2 | Livestock and poultry farms (households) in the restricted area | |||
1-3 | Increase in the use of pesticides and fertilizers (%) | |||
1-4 | Proportion of restricted areas in tidal flat (%) | |||
2 | Increased permanent residents per year | Population pressure | ||
3 | Annual number of tourists | Tourist pressure | ||
Urbanization and pollution | 4 | Land consumption per 10000 yuan of GDP (m2) | Construction occupation | |
5 | 5-1 | Percentage of sewage discharge up to the standard (%) | Impact of sewage discharge | |
5-2 | Domestic sewage treatment rate | |||
5-3 | Industrial wastewater discharge rate | |||
6 | Harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage (%) | Environmental pollution from garbage | ||
7 | 7-1 | Noise level (%) | Noise impact of urban construction | |
7-2 | Daytime noise level | |||
7-3 | Nighttime noise level | |||
Climate change and species invasion | 8 | Local woody plant index | The ability to adapt and respond to climate change | |
9 | The number of invasive alien species | Invasive alien species threat |
Table 7 Biodiversity pressure indicators
Category | No. | Indices | Explanation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human activities | 1 | 1-1 | Agriculture, aquaculture, forestry management | Human activities |
1-2 | Livestock and poultry farms (households) in the restricted area | |||
1-3 | Increase in the use of pesticides and fertilizers (%) | |||
1-4 | Proportion of restricted areas in tidal flat (%) | |||
2 | Increased permanent residents per year | Population pressure | ||
3 | Annual number of tourists | Tourist pressure | ||
Urbanization and pollution | 4 | Land consumption per 10000 yuan of GDP (m2) | Construction occupation | |
5 | 5-1 | Percentage of sewage discharge up to the standard (%) | Impact of sewage discharge | |
5-2 | Domestic sewage treatment rate | |||
5-3 | Industrial wastewater discharge rate | |||
6 | Harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage (%) | Environmental pollution from garbage | ||
7 | 7-1 | Noise level (%) | Noise impact of urban construction | |
7-2 | Daytime noise level | |||
7-3 | Nighttime noise level | |||
Climate change and species invasion | 8 | Local woody plant index | The ability to adapt and respond to climate change | |
9 | The number of invasive alien species | Invasive alien species threat |
Category | No. | Indices | Explanation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | 10 | Air Quality Index (AQI) | Air condition | |
11 | Water quality up to the standard rate of important rivers and lakes (%) | Aquatic animal and plant growth conditions | ||
12 | Proportion of coastal waters with good water quality | Growth conditions for marine aquatic animals and plants | ||
Ecological space | 13 | Permanent protected farmland area (km2) | Farmland Habitat | |
14 | Forest coverage rate | Forest and grass Habitat | ||
15 | 15-1 | Wetland rate (%) | Wetland Habitat | |
15-2 | Terrestrial wetland area | |||
15-3 | Coastal Mangrove wetland area | |||
16 | Green area rate of urban built-up area (%) | Urban ecological space Habitat | ||
Biodiversity | 17 | Comprehensive species index | Urban biodiversity | |
18 | Species richness | Biodiversity of the city |
Table 8 Biodiversity status indicators
Category | No. | Indices | Explanation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | 10 | Air Quality Index (AQI) | Air condition | |
11 | Water quality up to the standard rate of important rivers and lakes (%) | Aquatic animal and plant growth conditions | ||
12 | Proportion of coastal waters with good water quality | Growth conditions for marine aquatic animals and plants | ||
Ecological space | 13 | Permanent protected farmland area (km2) | Farmland Habitat | |
14 | Forest coverage rate | Forest and grass Habitat | ||
15 | 15-1 | Wetland rate (%) | Wetland Habitat | |
15-2 | Terrestrial wetland area | |||
15-3 | Coastal Mangrove wetland area | |||
16 | Green area rate of urban built-up area (%) | Urban ecological space Habitat | ||
Biodiversity | 17 | Comprehensive species index | Urban biodiversity | |
18 | Species richness | Biodiversity of the city |
Category | No. | Indices | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
Ecological conservation and restoration projects | 19 | Ecological restoration area of damaged mountains (km2) | Aimed at the problem of bare mountains |
20 | Ecological shoreline restoration rate (%) | Aimed at the problem of river or sea shoreline improvement | |
21 | The proportion of land used for ecological protection (%) | Responding to the systematic protection of “Convention on Biological Diversity” | |
Government hierarchical control, clear ownership | 22 | Ecological restoration plan | Ecological network |
23 | Proportion of total fiscal revenue for ecological compensation revenue (%) | Protect compensation and increase implementation | |
24 | Environmental protection investment as a percentage of GDP (%) | Capital investment | |
Grassroots and public participation | 25 | The proportion of government leaders participating in ecological restoration training (%) | Government participating |
26 | Participation of the public and enterprises in ecological restoration (%) | Public and enterprises participating |
Table 9 Biodiversity response indicators
Category | No. | Indices | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
Ecological conservation and restoration projects | 19 | Ecological restoration area of damaged mountains (km2) | Aimed at the problem of bare mountains |
20 | Ecological shoreline restoration rate (%) | Aimed at the problem of river or sea shoreline improvement | |
21 | The proportion of land used for ecological protection (%) | Responding to the systematic protection of “Convention on Biological Diversity” | |
Government hierarchical control, clear ownership | 22 | Ecological restoration plan | Ecological network |
23 | Proportion of total fiscal revenue for ecological compensation revenue (%) | Protect compensation and increase implementation | |
24 | Environmental protection investment as a percentage of GDP (%) | Capital investment | |
Grassroots and public participation | 25 | The proportion of government leaders participating in ecological restoration training (%) | Government participating |
26 | Participation of the public and enterprises in ecological restoration (%) | Public and enterprises participating |
Index | Sources of statistics | Statistics department |
---|---|---|
Agriculture, aquaculture, forestry management | The 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Modern Agriculture in Zhuhai City | Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau |
Increased permanent residents per year | Statistical Yearbook | Bureau of Statistics |
Annual number of tourists | Statistics of Zhuhai City's Tourism Reception in 2020 | Culture, Radio, Television, Tourism and Sports Bureau |
Land consumption per 10000 yuan of GDP (m2) | Land consumption: The Land Change Survey in 2018; GDP: Zhuhai Municipal National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin | Bureau of Natural Resources, Bureau of Statistics |
Percentage of sewage discharge up to the standard (%) | The 13th Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection and Ecological Construction of Zhuhai City | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage (%) | Zhuhai Livable City Construction Index System Database | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
Noise level (%) | Environmental Quality of Zhuhai City in 2019 | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Local woody plant index | Zhuhai Livable City Construction Index System Database | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
The number of invasive alien species | Investigation of Invasive Alien Plants in the Sea (Mikania micrantha, Spartina alterniflora, etc.) | Wildlife Conservation Institute |
Air Quality Index (AQI) | The 13th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Civilization of Zhuhai | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Water quality up to the standard rate of important rivers and lakes (%) | Environmental Quality of Zhuhai City in 2019 | Water Authority |
Proportion of coastal waters with good water quality | Implementation Plan for Prevention and Control of Pollution in Coastal Waters of Guangdong Province | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Permanent protected farmland area (km2) | The Third National Land Survey | Natural Resources Bureau |
Forest coverage rate | Zhuhai Forest Resources Archives Database; Zhuhai Forest Resources Second Class Investigation Report | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
Wetland rate (%) | The Third National Land Survey | Natural Resources Bureau |
Green area rate of urban built-up area (%) | 2018 Zhuhai National Economic and Social Development Statistical Communiqué | Zhuhai Municipal People's Government |
Comprehensive species index | Statistical Indicators of National Ecological Garden City | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
Species richness | National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Cities and Counties Construction Indicators | City Wildlife Conservation Office |
Ecological restoration area of damaged mountains (km2) | Statistical Indicators of National Ecological Garden City | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
Ecological shoreline restoration rate (%) | Special Integrated Plan for Sponge City Drainage in Zhuhai City (2018-2030) | Natural Resources Bureau |
The proportion of land used for ecological protection (%) | National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Cities and Counties Construction Indicators | Natural Resources Bureau |
Ecological restoration and ecological network construction planning | China Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan | Natural Resources Bureau |
Proportion of total fiscal revenue for ecological compensation revenue (%) | Measures of Zhuhai City on Fiscal Balanced Transfer Payments; Measures of Zhuhai City on Fiscal Ecological Protection Transfer Payments | Finance Bureau |
Environmental protection investment as a percentage of GDP (%) | The 13th Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection and Ecological Construction of Zhuhai City | Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Bureau of Statistics |
The proportion of government leaders participating in ecological restoration training (%) | Refer to the National Ecological Civilization Construction Model Cities and Counties Construction Indicators | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Participation of the public and enterprises in ecological restoration (%) | Refer to the National Ecological Civilization Construction Model Cities and Counties Construction Indicators | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Table 10 Data sources and statistics departments of the PSR model in Zhuhai City
Index | Sources of statistics | Statistics department |
---|---|---|
Agriculture, aquaculture, forestry management | The 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Modern Agriculture in Zhuhai City | Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau |
Increased permanent residents per year | Statistical Yearbook | Bureau of Statistics |
Annual number of tourists | Statistics of Zhuhai City's Tourism Reception in 2020 | Culture, Radio, Television, Tourism and Sports Bureau |
Land consumption per 10000 yuan of GDP (m2) | Land consumption: The Land Change Survey in 2018; GDP: Zhuhai Municipal National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin | Bureau of Natural Resources, Bureau of Statistics |
Percentage of sewage discharge up to the standard (%) | The 13th Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection and Ecological Construction of Zhuhai City | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage (%) | Zhuhai Livable City Construction Index System Database | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
Noise level (%) | Environmental Quality of Zhuhai City in 2019 | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Local woody plant index | Zhuhai Livable City Construction Index System Database | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
The number of invasive alien species | Investigation of Invasive Alien Plants in the Sea (Mikania micrantha, Spartina alterniflora, etc.) | Wildlife Conservation Institute |
Air Quality Index (AQI) | The 13th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Civilization of Zhuhai | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Water quality up to the standard rate of important rivers and lakes (%) | Environmental Quality of Zhuhai City in 2019 | Water Authority |
Proportion of coastal waters with good water quality | Implementation Plan for Prevention and Control of Pollution in Coastal Waters of Guangdong Province | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Permanent protected farmland area (km2) | The Third National Land Survey | Natural Resources Bureau |
Forest coverage rate | Zhuhai Forest Resources Archives Database; Zhuhai Forest Resources Second Class Investigation Report | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
Wetland rate (%) | The Third National Land Survey | Natural Resources Bureau |
Green area rate of urban built-up area (%) | 2018 Zhuhai National Economic and Social Development Statistical Communiqué | Zhuhai Municipal People's Government |
Comprehensive species index | Statistical Indicators of National Ecological Garden City | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
Species richness | National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Cities and Counties Construction Indicators | City Wildlife Conservation Office |
Ecological restoration area of damaged mountains (km2) | Statistical Indicators of National Ecological Garden City | Bureau of Urban Management and Comprehensive Enforcement |
Ecological shoreline restoration rate (%) | Special Integrated Plan for Sponge City Drainage in Zhuhai City (2018-2030) | Natural Resources Bureau |
The proportion of land used for ecological protection (%) | National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Cities and Counties Construction Indicators | Natural Resources Bureau |
Ecological restoration and ecological network construction planning | China Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan | Natural Resources Bureau |
Proportion of total fiscal revenue for ecological compensation revenue (%) | Measures of Zhuhai City on Fiscal Balanced Transfer Payments; Measures of Zhuhai City on Fiscal Ecological Protection Transfer Payments | Finance Bureau |
Environmental protection investment as a percentage of GDP (%) | The 13th Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection and Ecological Construction of Zhuhai City | Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Bureau of Statistics |
The proportion of government leaders participating in ecological restoration training (%) | Refer to the National Ecological Civilization Construction Model Cities and Counties Construction Indicators | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
Participation of the public and enterprises in ecological restoration (%) | Refer to the National Ecological Civilization Construction Model Cities and Counties Construction Indicators | Ecology and Environment Bureau |
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