Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2019, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (6): 574-583.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.06.002
• Ecological Carrying Capacity • Previous Articles Next Articles
ZHENG Xin1, XU Zengrang2,*(
)
Received:2019-06-29
Accepted:2019-08-29
Online:2019-11-30
Published:2019-12-09
Contact:
XU Zengrang
Supported by:ZHENG Xin, XU Zengrang. Analysis of Water Resources Carrying Capacity of the “Belt and Road” Initiative Countries based on Virtual Water Theory[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2019, 10(6): 574-583.
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URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.06.002
| Regions | Countries | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Southeast Asia | Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, Timor-Leste | 11 |
| Eastern Europe | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova | 6 |
| Southern Europe | Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania | 9 |
| South Asia | Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan | 8 |
| West Asia | Iran, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan | 18 |
| Central Europe | Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary | 4 |
| Central Asia | Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan | 5 |
| Other | Egypt, China, Mongolia, Russia | 4 |
| Regions | Countries | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Southeast Asia | Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, Timor-Leste | 11 |
| Eastern Europe | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova | 6 |
| Southern Europe | Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania | 9 |
| South Asia | Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan | 8 |
| West Asia | Iran, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan | 18 |
| Central Europe | Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary | 4 |
| Central Asia | Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan | 5 |
| Other | Egypt, China, Mongolia, Russia | 4 |
| Evaluation criteria | Index | Index selection basis |
|---|---|---|
| Water resources condition | Water resources per capita | This criterion reflects regional water resources conditions and is a common index for evaluating water resources. |
| Economic and social development | GDP per capita | This criterion reflects the economic development and people’s living standards of all countries. |
| State of ecological environment condition | Forest coverage | Forest has an important influence on evaporation, precipitation, runoff and other water balance factors, and it reflects the impact of surface storage capacity on water resources. |
| Evaluation criteria | Index | Index selection basis |
|---|---|---|
| Water resources condition | Water resources per capita | This criterion reflects regional water resources conditions and is a common index for evaluating water resources. |
| Economic and social development | GDP per capita | This criterion reflects the economic development and people’s living standards of all countries. |
| State of ecological environment condition | Forest coverage | Forest has an important influence on evaporation, precipitation, runoff and other water balance factors, and it reflects the impact of surface storage capacity on water resources. |
| Index | Evaluation grade | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | |
| Water resources per capita | ≤500 | 500 - 1000 | 1000 - 2000 | 2000 - 3000 | > 3000 |
| GDP per capita | ≤3956 | 3956 - 6716 | 6716 - 9475 | 9475 - 12 235 | > 12 235 |
| Forest coverage | ≤15 | 15 - 30 | 30 - 45 | 45 - 60 | > 60 |
| Index | Evaluation grade | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | |
| Water resources per capita | ≤500 | 500 - 1000 | 1000 - 2000 | 2000 - 3000 | > 3000 |
| GDP per capita | ≤3956 | 3956 - 6716 | 6716 - 9475 | 9475 - 12 235 | > 12 235 |
| Forest coverage | ≤15 | 15 - 30 | 30 - 45 | 45 - 60 | > 60 |
| The bearing state | Severely overload | Moderately overload | Mildly overload | Suitably load | Fully load |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water resources carrying index | 1 | 1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 | 4 |
| The bearing state | Severely overload | Moderately overload | Mildly overload | Suitably load | Fully load |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water resources carrying index | 1 | 1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 | 4 |
| Index | The data source | Year | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water resources per capita (m3 in hab-1 yr-1) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( | 2014 | The missing Montenegro data were obtained from: Me?ko et al. (2011). |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | The World Bank, World Development Indicators data ( | 2014 | Syrian GDP per capita in 2014 is missing, so it was replaced by the 2007 figure. |
| Forest coverage (% of land area) | The World Bank, World Development Indicators data ( | 2014 | Data refer to the ratio of forest area to the total land area. |
| Index | The data source | Year | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water resources per capita (m3 in hab-1 yr-1) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( | 2014 | The missing Montenegro data were obtained from: Me?ko et al. (2011). |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | The World Bank, World Development Indicators data ( | 2014 | Syrian GDP per capita in 2014 is missing, so it was replaced by the 2007 figure. |
| Forest coverage (% of land area) | The World Bank, World Development Indicators data ( | 2014 | Data refer to the ratio of forest area to the total land area. |
| No. | Country | Level | y1 | Level | y2 | Level | y3 | WRCI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jordan | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.04 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.017 |
| 2 | Egypt | V2 | 1.18 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.042 |
| 3 | Syria | V2 | 1.84 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.195 |
| 4 | Pakistan | V3 | 2.25 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.291 |
| 5 | Uzbekistan | V3 | 2.53 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.356 |
| 6 | Afghanistan | V3 | 2.84 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.428 |
| 7 | India | V3 | 2.43 | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.59 | 1.537 |
| 8 | Tajikistan | V4 | 3.46 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.571 |
| 9 | Armenia | V4 | 3.65 | V2 | 1.01 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.623 |
| 10 | Iran | V3 | 2.69 | V2 | 1.57 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.633 |
| 11 | Bangladesh | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.698 |
| 12 | Kyrgyzstan | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.698 |
| 13 | Moldova | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.698 |
| 14 | Mongolia | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.08 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.732 |
| 15 | Ukraine | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.11 | 1.738 |
| 16 | Maldives | V1 | 1.00 | V3 | 2.85 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.774 |
| 17 | Lebanon | V2 | 1.48 | V3 | 2.70 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.825 |
| 18 | Nepal | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.69 | 1.939 |
| 19 | Iraq | V4 | 3.35 | V2 | 2.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.963 |
| 20 | Philippines | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.85 | 1.995 |
| No. | Country | Level | y1 | Level | y2 | Level | y3 | WRCI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jordan | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.04 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.017 |
| 2 | Egypt | V2 | 1.18 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.042 |
| 3 | Syria | V2 | 1.84 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.195 |
| 4 | Pakistan | V3 | 2.25 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.291 |
| 5 | Uzbekistan | V3 | 2.53 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.356 |
| 6 | Afghanistan | V3 | 2.84 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.428 |
| 7 | India | V3 | 2.43 | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.59 | 1.537 |
| 8 | Tajikistan | V4 | 3.46 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.571 |
| 9 | Armenia | V4 | 3.65 | V2 | 1.01 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.623 |
| 10 | Iran | V3 | 2.69 | V2 | 1.57 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.633 |
| 11 | Bangladesh | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.698 |
| 12 | Kyrgyzstan | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.698 |
| 13 | Moldova | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.698 |
| 14 | Mongolia | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.08 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.732 |
| 15 | Ukraine | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.11 | 1.738 |
| 16 | Maldives | V1 | 1.00 | V3 | 2.85 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.774 |
| 17 | Lebanon | V2 | 1.48 | V3 | 2.70 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.825 |
| 18 | Nepal | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.69 | 1.939 |
| 19 | Iraq | V4 | 3.35 | V2 | 2.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 1.963 |
| 20 | Philippines | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V2 | 1.85 | 1.995 |
| No. | Country | Level | y1 | Level | y2 | Level | y3 | WRCI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sri Lanka | V4 | 3.53 | V1 | 1.00 | V3 | 2.19 | 2.005 |
| 2 | Albania | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.23 | V2 | 1.87 | 2.097 |
| 3 | China | V3 | 2.97 | V3 | 2.35 | V2 | 1.49 | 2.195 |
| 4 | Bahrain | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 5 | Israel | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 6 | Kuwait | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 7 | Oman | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 8 | Qatar | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 9 | Saudi Arabia | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 10 | United Arab Emirates | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 11 | Azerbaijan | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.43 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.295 |
| 12 | Turkmenistan | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.45 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.306 |
| 13 | Myanmar | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V3 | 2.91 | 2.364 |
| 14 | Georgia | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.17 | V3 | 2.71 | 2.367 |
| 15 | Thailand | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.72 | V3 | 2.14 | 2.400 |
| 16 | Timor-Leste | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V4 | 3.03 | 2.404 |
| 17 | Serbia | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.81 | V3 | 2.07 | 2.413 |
| 18 | Singapore | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.54 | 2.443 |
| 19 | Vietnam | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V4 | 3.20 | 2.467 |
| 20 | Macedonia | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.55 | V3 | 2.64 | 2.499 |
| 21 | Indonesia | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V4 | 3.32 | 2.508 |
| 22 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.45 | V3 | 2.85 | 2.531 |
| 23 | Cambodia | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V4 | 3.52 | 2.578 |
| 24 | Bhutan | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | 2.744 |
| 25 | Laos | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | 2.744 |
| 26 | Bulgaria | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.42 | V3 | 2.36 | 2.764 |
| 27 | Turkey | V4 | 3.62 | V4 | 3.96 | V2 | 1.02 | 2.857 |
| 28 | Kazakhstan | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.954 |
| 29 | Romania | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.20 | V3 | 2.01 | 2.970 |
| 30 | Poland | V3 | 2.59 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.06 | 2.994 |
| 31 | Czech Republic | V3 | 2.24 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.30 | 2.999 |
| No. | Country | Level | y1 | Level | y2 | Level | y3 | WRCI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sri Lanka | V4 | 3.53 | V1 | 1.00 | V3 | 2.19 | 2.005 |
| 2 | Albania | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.23 | V2 | 1.87 | 2.097 |
| 3 | China | V3 | 2.97 | V3 | 2.35 | V2 | 1.49 | 2.195 |
| 4 | Bahrain | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 5 | Israel | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 6 | Kuwait | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 7 | Oman | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 8 | Qatar | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 9 | Saudi Arabia | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 10 | United Arab Emirates | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.256 |
| 11 | Azerbaijan | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.43 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.295 |
| 12 | Turkmenistan | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.45 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.306 |
| 13 | Myanmar | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V3 | 2.91 | 2.364 |
| 14 | Georgia | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.17 | V3 | 2.71 | 2.367 |
| 15 | Thailand | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.72 | V3 | 2.14 | 2.400 |
| 16 | Timor-Leste | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V4 | 3.03 | 2.404 |
| 17 | Serbia | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.81 | V3 | 2.07 | 2.413 |
| 18 | Singapore | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.54 | 2.443 |
| 19 | Vietnam | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V4 | 3.20 | 2.467 |
| 20 | Macedonia | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.55 | V3 | 2.64 | 2.499 |
| 21 | Indonesia | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V4 | 3.32 | 2.508 |
| 22 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.45 | V3 | 2.85 | 2.531 |
| 23 | Cambodia | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V4 | 3.52 | 2.578 |
| 24 | Bhutan | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | 2.744 |
| 25 | Laos | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | V5 | 4.00 | 2.744 |
| 26 | Bulgaria | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.42 | V3 | 2.36 | 2.764 |
| 27 | Turkey | V4 | 3.62 | V4 | 3.96 | V2 | 1.02 | 2.857 |
| 28 | Kazakhstan | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V1 | 1.00 | 2.954 |
| 29 | Romania | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.20 | V3 | 2.01 | 2.970 |
| 30 | Poland | V3 | 2.59 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.06 | 2.994 |
| 31 | Czech Republic | V3 | 2.24 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.30 | 2.999 |
| No. | Country | Level | y1 | Level | y2 | Level | y3 | WRCI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Belarus | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.58 | V3 | 2.84 | 3.002 |
| 2 | Hungary | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.53 | 3.137 |
| 3 | Montenegro | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.24 | V5 | 4.00 | 3.263 |
| 4 | Croatia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.29 | 3.404 |
| 5 | Lithuania | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.32 | 3.415 |
| 6 | Slovakia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.69 | 3.543 |
| 7 | Russia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.32 | 3.762 |
| 8 | Estonia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.42 | 3.799 |
| 9 | Malaysia | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.62 | V5 | 4.00 | 3.841 |
| 10 | Latvia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.60 | 3.860 |
| No. | Country | Level | y1 | Level | y2 | Level | y3 | WRCI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Belarus | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.58 | V3 | 2.84 | 3.002 |
| 2 | Hungary | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V2 | 1.53 | 3.137 |
| 3 | Montenegro | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.24 | V5 | 4.00 | 3.263 |
| 4 | Croatia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.29 | 3.404 |
| 5 | Lithuania | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.32 | 3.415 |
| 6 | Slovakia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V3 | 2.69 | 3.543 |
| 7 | Russia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.32 | 3.762 |
| 8 | Estonia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.42 | 3.799 |
| 9 | Malaysia | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.62 | V5 | 4.00 | 3.841 |
| 10 | Latvia | V5 | 4.00 | V5 | 4.00 | V4 | 3.60 | 3.860 |
| Ranking | The FAO code | Agricultural and livestock products | Annual average net imported virtual water (×109 m3 yr-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 236 | Soya beans | 223.11 |
| 2 | 767 | Cotton lint | 15.88 |
| 3 | 257 | Palm oil | 14.09 |
| 4 | 56 | Maize | 9.22 |
| 5 | 15 | Wheat | 8.04 |
| 6 | 270 | Rapeseed | 7.39 |
| 7 | 162 | Sugar Raw Centrifugal | 6.45 |
| 8 | 83 | Sorghum | 5.45 |
| 9 | 44 | Barely | 3.87 |
| 10 | 619 | Fruit fresh nes | 3.77 |
| 11 | 289 | Sesame seed | 3.20 |
| 12 | 27 | Rice | 2.89 |
| 13 | 1035 | Meat, pig | 2.77 |
| 14 | 836 | Natural rubber | 2.72 |
| 15 | 187 | Peas, dry | 2.58 |
| Ranking | The FAO code | Agricultural and livestock products | Annual average net imported virtual water (×109 m3 yr-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 236 | Soya beans | 223.11 |
| 2 | 767 | Cotton lint | 15.88 |
| 3 | 257 | Palm oil | 14.09 |
| 4 | 56 | Maize | 9.22 |
| 5 | 15 | Wheat | 8.04 |
| 6 | 270 | Rapeseed | 7.39 |
| 7 | 162 | Sugar Raw Centrifugal | 6.45 |
| 8 | 83 | Sorghum | 5.45 |
| 9 | 44 | Barely | 3.87 |
| 10 | 619 | Fruit fresh nes | 3.77 |
| 11 | 289 | Sesame seed | 3.20 |
| 12 | 27 | Rice | 2.89 |
| 13 | 1035 | Meat, pig | 2.77 |
| 14 | 836 | Natural rubber | 2.72 |
| 15 | 187 | Peas, dry | 2.58 |
| The FAO code | Agricultural and livestock products | Net imported virtual water (×109 m3 yr-1) | The FAO code | Agricultural and livestock products | Net imported virtual water (×109 m3 yr-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 236 | Soya beans | 162 | Sugar Raw Centrifugal | ||
| Brazil | 100.12 | Brazil | 3.95 | ||
| America | 84.94 | Cuba | 0.73 | ||
| Argentina | 21.40 | Thailand | 0.50 | ||
| 767 | Cotton lint | 836 | Natural rubber | ||
| America | 4.18 | Thailand | 2.48 | ||
| India | 4.04 | Malaysia | 0.09 | ||
| Australia | 2.73 | Viet Nam | 0.07 | ||
| 56 | Maize | 867 | Meat, cattle | ||
| America | 2.27 | Uruguay | 0.31 | ||
| Ukraine | 2.20 | Australia | 0.28 | ||
| Laos | 0.12 | New Zealand | 0.12 | ||
| 15 | Wheat | 977 | Meat, sheep | ||
| Australia | 2.25 | New Zealand | 0.59 | ||
| America | 2.17 | Australia | 0.40 | ||
| Canada | 1.13 | Uruguay | 0.02 | ||
| 30 | Rice | 1035 | Meat, pig | ||
| Viet Nam | 1.57 | Germany | 0.49 | ||
| Thailand | 0.62 | Spain | 0.39 | ||
| Pakistan | 0.52 | America | 0.37 | ||
| 257 | Oil, palm | ||||
| Malaysia | 6.83 | ||||
| Indonesia | 6.72 | ||||
| The FAO code | Agricultural and livestock products | Net imported virtual water (×109 m3 yr-1) | The FAO code | Agricultural and livestock products | Net imported virtual water (×109 m3 yr-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 236 | Soya beans | 162 | Sugar Raw Centrifugal | ||
| Brazil | 100.12 | Brazil | 3.95 | ||
| America | 84.94 | Cuba | 0.73 | ||
| Argentina | 21.40 | Thailand | 0.50 | ||
| 767 | Cotton lint | 836 | Natural rubber | ||
| America | 4.18 | Thailand | 2.48 | ||
| India | 4.04 | Malaysia | 0.09 | ||
| Australia | 2.73 | Viet Nam | 0.07 | ||
| 56 | Maize | 867 | Meat, cattle | ||
| America | 2.27 | Uruguay | 0.31 | ||
| Ukraine | 2.20 | Australia | 0.28 | ||
| Laos | 0.12 | New Zealand | 0.12 | ||
| 15 | Wheat | 977 | Meat, sheep | ||
| Australia | 2.25 | New Zealand | 0.59 | ||
| America | 2.17 | Australia | 0.40 | ||
| Canada | 1.13 | Uruguay | 0.02 | ||
| 30 | Rice | 1035 | Meat, pig | ||
| Viet Nam | 1.57 | Germany | 0.49 | ||
| Thailand | 0.62 | Spain | 0.39 | ||
| Pakistan | 0.52 | America | 0.37 | ||
| 257 | Oil, palm | ||||
| Malaysia | 6.83 | ||||
| Indonesia | 6.72 | ||||
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