Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2019, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (4): 424-431.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.04.009
• Environmental Pollution and Ecosystem • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:
2018-12-21
Accepted:
2019-02-20
Online:
2019-07-30
Published:
2019-07-30
Contact:
ZHANG Zhenya
About author:
First author: DOU Qun, E-mail:
DOU Qun,ZHANG Zhenya. Analysis on Environmental Pollution in China’s Coastal Ecosystem[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2019, 10(4): 424-431.
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Year | Tianjin | Hebei | Liaoning | Shanghai | Jiangsu | Zhejiang | Fujian | Shandong | Guangdong | Guangxi | Hainan | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1997 | 1.65 | 5.17 | 4.68 | 4.50 | 8.73 | 6.13 | 3.75 | 8.55 | 10.16 | 2.38 | 0.54 | 56.2 |
1998 | 1.66 | 5.14 | 4.69 | 4.60 | 8.70 | 6.11 | 3.82 | 8.49 | 10.31 | 2.31 | 0.53 | 56.4 |
1999 | 1.70 | 5.11 | 4.72 | 4.74 | 8.71 | 6.16 | 3.86 | 8.48 | 10.47 | 2.23 | 0.54 | 56.7 |
2000 | 1.72 | 5.11 | 4.73 | 4.83 | 8.67 | 6.22 | 3.81 | 8.45 | 10.88 | 2.11 | 0.53 | 57.1 |
2001 | 1.76 | 5.07 | 4.63 | 4.79 | 8.69 | 6.34 | 3.74 | 8.45 | 11.07 | 2.10 | 0.53 | 57.2 |
2002 | 1.78 | 4.98 | 4.52 | 4.75 | 8.78 | 6.62 | 3.70 | 8.50 | 11.18 | 2.09 | 0.53 | 57.4 |
2003 | 1.85 | 4.96 | 4.30 | 4.80 | 8.92 | 6.96 | 3.57 | 8.66 | 11.36 | 2.02 | 0.51 | 57.9 |
2004 | 1.85 | 5.05 | 3.97 | 4.81 | 8.93 | 6.94 | 3.43 | 8.95 | 11.23 | 2.04 | 0.49 | 57.7 |
2005 | 1.96 | 5.03 | 4.04 | 4.64 | 9.34 | 6.73 | 3.29 | 9.22 | 11.32 | 2.00 | 0.46 | 58.0 |
2006 | 1.92 | 4.93 | 4.00 | 4.54 | 9.34 | 6.75 | 3.26 | 9.41 | 11.42 | 2.04 | 0.46 | 58.0 |
2007 | 1.88 | 4.86 | 3.99 | 4.47 | 9.30 | 6.70 | 3.31 | 9.21 | 11.36 | 2.08 | 0.45 | 57.6 |
2008 | 2.02 | 4.80 | 4.10 | 4.22 | 9.30 | 6.44 | 3.25 | 9.28 | 11.04 | 2.11 | 0.45 | 57.0 |
2009 | 2.06 | 4.72 | 4.16 | 4.12 | 9.43 | 6.29 | 3.35 | 9.28 | 10.81 | 2.12 | 0.45 | 56.8 |
2010 | 2.11 | 4.67 | 4.22 | 3.93 | 9.48 | 6.34 | 3.37 | 8.96 | 10.53 | 2.19 | 0.47 | 56.3 |
2011 | 2.17 | 4.70 | 4.26 | 3.68 | 9.42 | 6.20 | 3.37 | 8.70 | 10.20 | 2.25 | 0.48 | 55.4 |
2012 | 2.24 | 4.61 | 4.31 | 3.50 | 9.38 | 6.01 | 3.42 | 8.67 | 9.90 | 2.26 | 0.50 | 54.8 |
2013 | 2.28 | 4.48 | 4.29 | 3.44 | 9.42 | 5.95 | 3.45 | 8.71 | 9.85 | 2.28 | 0.50 | 54.6 |
2014 | 2.30 | 4.30 | 4.18 | 3.44 | 9.51 | 5.87 | 3.52 | 8.68 | 9.91 | 2.29 | 0.51 | 54.5 |
2015 | 2.29 | 4.12 | 3.97 | 3.48 | 9.70 | 5.93 | 3.59 | 8.72 | 10.07 | 2.32 | 0.51 | 54.7 |
2016 | 2.29 | 4.11 | 2.85 | 3.61 | 9.92 | 6.06 | 3.69 | 8.72 | 10.37 | 2.35 | 0.52 | 54.5 |
2017 | 2.24 | 4.11 | 2.83 | 3.70 | 10.38 | 6.26 | 3.89 | 8.78 | 10.85 | 2.24 | 0.54 | 55.8 |
Table 1 Proportion of GDP of coastal provinces in China during 1997-2016 (unit: %)
Year | Tianjin | Hebei | Liaoning | Shanghai | Jiangsu | Zhejiang | Fujian | Shandong | Guangdong | Guangxi | Hainan | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1997 | 1.65 | 5.17 | 4.68 | 4.50 | 8.73 | 6.13 | 3.75 | 8.55 | 10.16 | 2.38 | 0.54 | 56.2 |
1998 | 1.66 | 5.14 | 4.69 | 4.60 | 8.70 | 6.11 | 3.82 | 8.49 | 10.31 | 2.31 | 0.53 | 56.4 |
1999 | 1.70 | 5.11 | 4.72 | 4.74 | 8.71 | 6.16 | 3.86 | 8.48 | 10.47 | 2.23 | 0.54 | 56.7 |
2000 | 1.72 | 5.11 | 4.73 | 4.83 | 8.67 | 6.22 | 3.81 | 8.45 | 10.88 | 2.11 | 0.53 | 57.1 |
2001 | 1.76 | 5.07 | 4.63 | 4.79 | 8.69 | 6.34 | 3.74 | 8.45 | 11.07 | 2.10 | 0.53 | 57.2 |
2002 | 1.78 | 4.98 | 4.52 | 4.75 | 8.78 | 6.62 | 3.70 | 8.50 | 11.18 | 2.09 | 0.53 | 57.4 |
2003 | 1.85 | 4.96 | 4.30 | 4.80 | 8.92 | 6.96 | 3.57 | 8.66 | 11.36 | 2.02 | 0.51 | 57.9 |
2004 | 1.85 | 5.05 | 3.97 | 4.81 | 8.93 | 6.94 | 3.43 | 8.95 | 11.23 | 2.04 | 0.49 | 57.7 |
2005 | 1.96 | 5.03 | 4.04 | 4.64 | 9.34 | 6.73 | 3.29 | 9.22 | 11.32 | 2.00 | 0.46 | 58.0 |
2006 | 1.92 | 4.93 | 4.00 | 4.54 | 9.34 | 6.75 | 3.26 | 9.41 | 11.42 | 2.04 | 0.46 | 58.0 |
2007 | 1.88 | 4.86 | 3.99 | 4.47 | 9.30 | 6.70 | 3.31 | 9.21 | 11.36 | 2.08 | 0.45 | 57.6 |
2008 | 2.02 | 4.80 | 4.10 | 4.22 | 9.30 | 6.44 | 3.25 | 9.28 | 11.04 | 2.11 | 0.45 | 57.0 |
2009 | 2.06 | 4.72 | 4.16 | 4.12 | 9.43 | 6.29 | 3.35 | 9.28 | 10.81 | 2.12 | 0.45 | 56.8 |
2010 | 2.11 | 4.67 | 4.22 | 3.93 | 9.48 | 6.34 | 3.37 | 8.96 | 10.53 | 2.19 | 0.47 | 56.3 |
2011 | 2.17 | 4.70 | 4.26 | 3.68 | 9.42 | 6.20 | 3.37 | 8.70 | 10.20 | 2.25 | 0.48 | 55.4 |
2012 | 2.24 | 4.61 | 4.31 | 3.50 | 9.38 | 6.01 | 3.42 | 8.67 | 9.90 | 2.26 | 0.50 | 54.8 |
2013 | 2.28 | 4.48 | 4.29 | 3.44 | 9.42 | 5.95 | 3.45 | 8.71 | 9.85 | 2.28 | 0.50 | 54.6 |
2014 | 2.30 | 4.30 | 4.18 | 3.44 | 9.51 | 5.87 | 3.52 | 8.68 | 9.91 | 2.29 | 0.51 | 54.5 |
2015 | 2.29 | 4.12 | 3.97 | 3.48 | 9.70 | 5.93 | 3.59 | 8.72 | 10.07 | 2.32 | 0.51 | 54.7 |
2016 | 2.29 | 4.11 | 2.85 | 3.61 | 9.92 | 6.06 | 3.69 | 8.72 | 10.37 | 2.35 | 0.52 | 54.5 |
2017 | 2.24 | 4.11 | 2.83 | 3.70 | 10.38 | 6.26 | 3.89 | 8.78 | 10.85 | 2.24 | 0.54 | 55.8 |
Fig. 3 Trends of China coastal seawater quality, class I vs. class inferior IV, 2001-2017Source: The Coastal Marine Environmental Monitoring of China, 2001- 2017 (CMEEP)
MonitorPoints | Class I (%) | Class II (%) | Class III (%) | Class IV (%) | Below Class IV (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | ||
Bohai | 81 | 28.4 | 19.8 | 44.4 | 48.1 | 17.3 | 14.8 | 4.9 | 7.4 | 4.9 | 9.9 |
Yellow Sea | 91 | 38.5 | 37.4 | 50.5 | 45.1 | 4.4 | 9.9 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 1.1 | 2.2 |
East China Sea | 113 | 12.4 | 15.9 | 31.9 | 31.0 | 15.0 | 12.4 | 3.5 | 9.7 | 37.2 | 31.0 |
South China Sea | 132 | 47.7 | 57.6 | 40.2 | 18.2 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 0 | 3.8 | 6.1 | 15.2 |
Table 2 Seawater quality of four sea areas in China, 2016 and 2017
MonitorPoints | Class I (%) | Class II (%) | Class III (%) | Class IV (%) | Below Class IV (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | ||
Bohai | 81 | 28.4 | 19.8 | 44.4 | 48.1 | 17.3 | 14.8 | 4.9 | 7.4 | 4.9 | 9.9 |
Yellow Sea | 91 | 38.5 | 37.4 | 50.5 | 45.1 | 4.4 | 9.9 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 1.1 | 2.2 |
East China Sea | 113 | 12.4 | 15.9 | 31.9 | 31.0 | 15.0 | 12.4 | 3.5 | 9.7 | 37.2 | 31.0 |
South China Sea | 132 | 47.7 | 57.6 | 40.2 | 18.2 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 0 | 3.8 | 6.1 | 15.2 |
Year | Inorganic nitrogen | Activephosphate | COD | Petroleum | Lead | Copper | Mercury | Cadmium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 67.9 | 59.9 | 1.9 | 18.0 | 62.9 | 25.9 | 6.6 | 2.0 |
2002 | 49.0 | 49.2 | 16.1 | 12.9 | 48.6 | 22.2 | 7.9 | 2.5 |
2003 | 37.5 | 23.6 | 4.2 | 16.0 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
2004 | 34.8 | 23.5 | 2.4 | 9.9 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 |
2005 | 30.5 | 20.3 | 1.8 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
2006 | 31.4 | 14.4 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
2007 | 34.1 | 13.4 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
2008 | 27.5 | 10.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
2009 | 28.3 | 14.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
2010 | 35.0 | 15.0 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
2011 | 29.6 | 11.0 | 1.7 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 1.3 | - | 1.0 |
2012 | 28.6 | 15.9 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.3 | - | - | |
2013 | 28.6 | 15.6 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 1.0 | - | - | 0.3 |
2014 | 31.2 | 14.6 | 1.0 | 1.7 | - | - | - | - |
2015 | 29.2 | 14.6 | 1.0 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - |
2016 | 23.3 | 10.1 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | - | - |
2017 | 30.2 | 7.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | - | 0.7 | - | - |
Table 3 Major over-standard pollutants detected ratio in China coastal waters, 2001-2017 (unit: %)
Year | Inorganic nitrogen | Activephosphate | COD | Petroleum | Lead | Copper | Mercury | Cadmium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 67.9 | 59.9 | 1.9 | 18.0 | 62.9 | 25.9 | 6.6 | 2.0 |
2002 | 49.0 | 49.2 | 16.1 | 12.9 | 48.6 | 22.2 | 7.9 | 2.5 |
2003 | 37.5 | 23.6 | 4.2 | 16.0 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
2004 | 34.8 | 23.5 | 2.4 | 9.9 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 |
2005 | 30.5 | 20.3 | 1.8 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
2006 | 31.4 | 14.4 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
2007 | 34.1 | 13.4 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
2008 | 27.5 | 10.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
2009 | 28.3 | 14.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
2010 | 35.0 | 15.0 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
2011 | 29.6 | 11.0 | 1.7 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 1.3 | - | 1.0 |
2012 | 28.6 | 15.9 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.3 | - | - | |
2013 | 28.6 | 15.6 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 1.0 | - | - | 0.3 |
2014 | 31.2 | 14.6 | 1.0 | 1.7 | - | - | - | - |
2015 | 29.2 | 14.6 | 1.0 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - |
2016 | 23.3 | 10.1 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | - | - |
2017 | 30.2 | 7.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | - | 0.7 | - | - |
Fig. 4 Main pollutants over-standard detected in China coastal waters (%) during 2001-2017Source: The Coastal Marine Environmental Monitoring of China, 2001- 2017, (CMEEP)
Year | Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV | Class V | Inferior Class V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 0.5 | 11.9 | 32.5 | 20.1 | 7.7 | 27.3 |
2012 | 0.0 | 13.4 | 33.3 | 20.9 | 8.0 | 24.4 |
2013 | 0.0 | 12.5 | 34.0 | 24.0 | 11.0 | 18.5 |
2014 | 0.0 | 15.1 | 27.3 | 26.3 | 13.1 | 18.2 |
2015 | 0.0 | 11.3 | 30.2 | 22.6 | 14.1 | 21.5 |
2016 | 0.0 | 13.5 | 33.3 | 25.5 | 10.4 | 17.2 |
2017 | 0.0 | 13.8 | 33.8 | 24.6 | 6.7 | 21.0 |
Table 4 Water quality of monitored rivers into the sea, 2011-2017 (unit: %)
Year | Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV | Class V | Inferior Class V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 0.5 | 11.9 | 32.5 | 20.1 | 7.7 | 27.3 |
2012 | 0.0 | 13.4 | 33.3 | 20.9 | 8.0 | 24.4 |
2013 | 0.0 | 12.5 | 34.0 | 24.0 | 11.0 | 18.5 |
2014 | 0.0 | 15.1 | 27.3 | 26.3 | 13.1 | 18.2 |
2015 | 0.0 | 11.3 | 30.2 | 22.6 | 14.1 | 21.5 |
2016 | 0.0 | 13.5 | 33.3 | 25.5 | 10.4 | 17.2 |
2017 | 0.0 | 13.8 | 33.8 | 24.6 | 6.7 | 21.0 |
Area | Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV | Class V | Inferior Class V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bohai | 0.0 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 34.8 | 17.4 | 34.8 |
Yellow Sea | 0.0 | 5.9 | 31.4 | 31.4 | 15.7 | 15.7 |
East China Sea | 0.0 | 12.0 | 56.0 | 24.0 | 8.0 | 0.0 |
South China Sea | 0.0 | 25.7 | 42.9 | 15.7 | 2.9 | 12.9 |
National average | 0.0 | 13.5 | 33.3 | 25.5 | 10.4 | 17.2 |
Table 5 Ratio of rivers into the four sea areas of China in different water quality (2016) (unit: %)
Area | Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV | Class V | Inferior Class V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bohai | 0.0 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 34.8 | 17.4 | 34.8 |
Yellow Sea | 0.0 | 5.9 | 31.4 | 31.4 | 15.7 | 15.7 |
East China Sea | 0.0 | 12.0 | 56.0 | 24.0 | 8.0 | 0.0 |
South China Sea | 0.0 | 25.7 | 42.9 | 15.7 | 2.9 | 12.9 |
National average | 0.0 | 13.5 | 33.3 | 25.5 | 10.4 | 17.2 |
Fig. 5 Waste water from sources directly discharged into the sea of China during 2001-2017Source: The Coastal Marine Environmental Monitoring of China, 2001- 2017 (CMEEP).
Year | Bohai | Yellow Sea | East China Sea | South China Sea |
---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 20 | 8 | 34 | 15 |
2002 | 3 | 14 | 51 | 11 |
2003 | 5 | 12 | 86 | 16 |
2004 | 12 | 13 | 53 | 18 |
2005 | 9 | 13 | 51 | 9 |
2006 | 11 | 2 | 63 | 17 |
2007 | 7 | 5 | 60 | 10 |
2008 | 1 | 12 | 47 | 8 |
2009 | 4 | 13 | 43 | 8 |
2010 | 7 | 9 | 39 | 14 |
Table 6 Number of Red tide happened in China's coastal waters, 2001-2010
Year | Bohai | Yellow Sea | East China Sea | South China Sea |
---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 20 | 8 | 34 | 15 |
2002 | 3 | 14 | 51 | 11 |
2003 | 5 | 12 | 86 | 16 |
2004 | 12 | 13 | 53 | 18 |
2005 | 9 | 13 | 51 | 9 |
2006 | 11 | 2 | 63 | 17 |
2007 | 7 | 5 | 60 | 10 |
2008 | 1 | 12 | 47 | 8 |
2009 | 4 | 13 | 43 | 8 |
2010 | 7 | 9 | 39 | 14 |
Area | Number of occurrences | Cumulative area (km2) |
---|---|---|
Bohai | 12 | 342 |
Yellow Sea | 3 | 100 |
East China Sea | 40 | 2189 |
South China Sea | 13 | 1048 |
Table 7 Red tide in four sea areas of China, 2017
Area | Number of occurrences | Cumulative area (km2) |
---|---|---|
Bohai | 12 | 342 |
Yellow Sea | 3 | 100 |
East China Sea | 40 | 2189 |
South China Sea | 13 | 1048 |
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