Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2022, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (3): 382-393.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.03.004
• Ecological Community Management • Previous Articles Next Articles
YANG Yuanchuan1(), ZHANG Yukun1,*(
), ZHENG Jie1, HUANG Si1, ZHAO Man2, HONG Long3
Received:
2020-11-24
Accepted:
2021-03-29
Online:
2022-05-30
Published:
2022-04-18
Contact:
ZHANG Yukun
About author:
YANG Yuanchuan, E-mail: yyc_archi@tju.edu.cn
Supported by:
YANG Yuanchuan, ZHANG Yukun, ZHENG Jie, HUANG Si, ZHAO Man, HONG Long. An Ecological Compensation Mechanism based on the Green Productive Area of Cities[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(3): 382-393.
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URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.03.004
Built environmental elements | Urban agriculture | Photovoltaic power | Generation multifunctional | Other | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buildings and structures | Roofs | ![]() Open air planting1 | ![]() Roof covering2 | ![]() PV greenhouses3 | ![]() Roof wind energy4 |
Balconies Elevation (Walls, windows) | ![]() Use of balcony5 | ![]() Facade integration6 | ![]() Side by side7 | ![]() Green algae blinds8 | |
Courtyards Basements | ![]() Indoor planting9 | ![]() PV atrium10 | ![]() Ecological atrium11 | ![]() Indoor planters12 | |
External spaces | Piazza Greenfield Water | ![]() Kiosks13 | ![]() Water surface PV14 | ![]() Replacement15 | ![]() Wind energy tree16 |
City roads Parking lots | ![]() Vegetable beds17 | ![]() Parking shed18 | ![]() Integrated units19 | ![]() Wind energy lights20 | |
Idle land | ![]() Use of open space21 | ![]() Courtyard22 | ![]() Negative space23 | ![]() Under the bridge24 | |
Infrastructure | Roads Railways (Stations) | ![]() Highline park25 | ![]() Roadway PV26 | ![]() Integrated corridor27 | ![]() Road wind energy28 |
Landfills Water plants Storage | ![]() Vertical farm29 | ![]() Aqueduct PV30 | ![]() Composite plant31 | ![]() Biomass32 |
Table 1 Summary of the strategies for built environmental elements and types of green production
Built environmental elements | Urban agriculture | Photovoltaic power | Generation multifunctional | Other | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buildings and structures | Roofs | ![]() Open air planting1 | ![]() Roof covering2 | ![]() PV greenhouses3 | ![]() Roof wind energy4 |
Balconies Elevation (Walls, windows) | ![]() Use of balcony5 | ![]() Facade integration6 | ![]() Side by side7 | ![]() Green algae blinds8 | |
Courtyards Basements | ![]() Indoor planting9 | ![]() PV atrium10 | ![]() Ecological atrium11 | ![]() Indoor planters12 | |
External spaces | Piazza Greenfield Water | ![]() Kiosks13 | ![]() Water surface PV14 | ![]() Replacement15 | ![]() Wind energy tree16 |
City roads Parking lots | ![]() Vegetable beds17 | ![]() Parking shed18 | ![]() Integrated units19 | ![]() Wind energy lights20 | |
Idle land | ![]() Use of open space21 | ![]() Courtyard22 | ![]() Negative space23 | ![]() Under the bridge24 | |
Infrastructure | Roads Railways (Stations) | ![]() Highline park25 | ![]() Roadway PV26 | ![]() Integrated corridor27 | ![]() Road wind energy28 |
Landfills Water plants Storage | ![]() Vertical farm29 | ![]() Aqueduct PV30 | ![]() Composite plant31 | ![]() Biomass32 |
Criteria | Indicators | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Planning | Field location | Roof accessibility (I1) | Nicole, |
Traffic accessibility (I2) | |||
Functional properties | Architecture (I3) | The People's Government of Beijing Municipality, | |
Land (I4) | |||
Technology | Basic conditions | Roof material, age, height and carrying capacity (I5) | The People's Government of Beijing Municipality, |
soil quality (I6) | |||
Production conditions | Sun shade (I7) | Esther, | |
Irrigation source (I8) | |||
shape (I9) | |||
Economy | Usable area (I10) | Esther, | |
Legal entitlement (I11) | Wang et al., |
Table 2 Evaluation criteria and references for green production suitability of roofs and idle land
Criteria | Indicators | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Planning | Field location | Roof accessibility (I1) | Nicole, |
Traffic accessibility (I2) | |||
Functional properties | Architecture (I3) | The People's Government of Beijing Municipality, | |
Land (I4) | |||
Technology | Basic conditions | Roof material, age, height and carrying capacity (I5) | The People's Government of Beijing Municipality, |
soil quality (I6) | |||
Production conditions | Sun shade (I7) | Esther, | |
Irrigation source (I8) | |||
shape (I9) | |||
Economy | Usable area (I10) | Esther, | |
Legal entitlement (I11) | Wang et al., |
Indicators | Quantitative rating descriptions of indicators | Weight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
Roof accessibility (I1) | Climbing ladders | Outdoor stairs | Elevator or stairs | Floor | 0.09 |
Traffic accessibility (I2)1 (Walking/public transit) | >500 m | 300-500 m | 100-300 m | <100 m | 0.04 |
Architecture (I3) | Affordable facilities | Industrial buildings | Residential buildings | Service-oriented public buildings | 0.07 |
Land (I4) | Filter reserved, protected and prohibited areas based on land use planning | - | |||
Roof material (I5-1) | Asbestos, wood | Brick, steel tile | Concrete, steel | Concrete, steel | 0.04 |
Age (I5-2) | Protect buildings | >20 yr | 10-20 yr | <10 yr | 0.04 |
Height (I5-3)2 | >12 stories | 7-12 stories | 4-6 stories | 1-3 stories | 0.09 |
Carrying capacity (I5-4)3 | 0.7 kN m-2-2 kN m-2 | ≥2 kN m-2 | ≥2 kN m-2 | ≥2 kN m-2 | 0.14 |
Site permeability (I6-1)4 | <20% | 20%-49% | 50%-79% | >80% | 0.09 |
Soil quality (I6-2) | Filtering of land for safety hazards based on current land use status | - | |||
Sun shade (I7)5 (Winter solstice 6 h) | <33% | 33%-66% | >66% | Unobstructed | 0.12 |
Irrigation source (I8) | Scoring sites based on ease of access to water and cost | 0.09 | |||
Slope, shape (I9)6 | Gradient>10° >15° | Gradient ≤10° 6°-15° | Narrow flat roof 2°-6° | Square flat roof Plain | 0.08 |
Usable area (I10)7 | <15 m2 | 15-100 m2 | 100-500 m2 | >500 m2 | 0.09 |
Legal entitlement (I11) | Based on public or private property, individual or collective owners | - |
Table 3 Grading scores and weights for green production suitability of roofs and idle land
Indicators | Quantitative rating descriptions of indicators | Weight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
Roof accessibility (I1) | Climbing ladders | Outdoor stairs | Elevator or stairs | Floor | 0.09 |
Traffic accessibility (I2)1 (Walking/public transit) | >500 m | 300-500 m | 100-300 m | <100 m | 0.04 |
Architecture (I3) | Affordable facilities | Industrial buildings | Residential buildings | Service-oriented public buildings | 0.07 |
Land (I4) | Filter reserved, protected and prohibited areas based on land use planning | - | |||
Roof material (I5-1) | Asbestos, wood | Brick, steel tile | Concrete, steel | Concrete, steel | 0.04 |
Age (I5-2) | Protect buildings | >20 yr | 10-20 yr | <10 yr | 0.04 |
Height (I5-3)2 | >12 stories | 7-12 stories | 4-6 stories | 1-3 stories | 0.09 |
Carrying capacity (I5-4)3 | 0.7 kN m-2-2 kN m-2 | ≥2 kN m-2 | ≥2 kN m-2 | ≥2 kN m-2 | 0.14 |
Site permeability (I6-1)4 | <20% | 20%-49% | 50%-79% | >80% | 0.09 |
Soil quality (I6-2) | Filtering of land for safety hazards based on current land use status | - | |||
Sun shade (I7)5 (Winter solstice 6 h) | <33% | 33%-66% | >66% | Unobstructed | 0.12 |
Irrigation source (I8) | Scoring sites based on ease of access to water and cost | 0.09 | |||
Slope, shape (I9)6 | Gradient>10° >15° | Gradient ≤10° 6°-15° | Narrow flat roof 2°-6° | Square flat roof Plain | 0.08 |
Usable area (I10)7 | <15 m2 | 15-100 m2 | 100-500 m2 | >500 m2 | 0.09 |
Legal entitlement (I11) | Based on public or private property, individual or collective owners | - |
Space | Short term development | Medium and long term development |
---|---|---|
Roof | 41258 m2 (Open-air agriculture, S1) | 102673 m2 (Hydroponic greenhouse, S2) |
31991 m2 (Photovoltaic power generation, S3) | 68212 m2 (Composite mode, S4) | |
Idle land | 17031 m2 (Open-air agriculture S5) | |
10787 m2 (Composite mode S6) |
Table 4 Technical selection of suitable rooftops and idle land in Xuefu Street
Space | Short term development | Medium and long term development |
---|---|---|
Roof | 41258 m2 (Open-air agriculture, S1) | 102673 m2 (Hydroponic greenhouse, S2) |
31991 m2 (Photovoltaic power generation, S3) | 68212 m2 (Composite mode, S4) | |
Idle land | 17031 m2 (Open-air agriculture S5) | |
10787 m2 (Composite mode S6) |
Fig. 4 Distribution of short, medium and long term and unsuitable spaces for the development of green production in Xuefu Street in Nankai District, Tianjin.
Green production type | Formula for yield estimation of the actual production area | Annual production | |
---|---|---|---|
Agriculture | Open-air agriculture | | (S1+S5)×6=349734 kg S2×50=5133650 kg |
Hydroponic greenhouse | |||
Photovoltaics | Flat roof and idle land (Double pitched roof × 0.5) | | 10.05×106 kWh |
Composite mode | Hydroponic greenhouse Thin film photovoltaics | | 3949950 kg 10.03×106 kWh |
Table 5 Methodology and results for estimating green production potential
Green production type | Formula for yield estimation of the actual production area | Annual production | |
---|---|---|---|
Agriculture | Open-air agriculture | | (S1+S5)×6=349734 kg S2×50=5133650 kg |
Hydroponic greenhouse | |||
Photovoltaics | Flat roof and idle land (Double pitched roof × 0.5) | | 10.05×106 kWh |
Composite mode | Hydroponic greenhouse Thin film photovoltaics | | 3949950 kg 10.03×106 kWh |
Type | Yield per ha | Conversion formula | Equilibrium factor (rj) | Land saving benefit (m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Open-air agriculture | 744 kg | | 0.05 | (S1+S5)×0.05=2914.45 |
Hydroponic greenhouse | 10923 kg | 0.67 | S2×0.67=68790.91 | |
PV power generation | 21383 kWh | 0.05 | S3×0.05=1599.55 | |
Composite mode | 8404 kg 21340 kWh | 0.52 0.04 | (S4+S6)×0.56=44239.44 | |
Total | - | - | 1.33 | 117544.35 |
Table 6 Calculation of the green productive area equalization factors and land saving benefits
Type | Yield per ha | Conversion formula | Equilibrium factor (rj) | Land saving benefit (m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Open-air agriculture | 744 kg | | 0.05 | (S1+S5)×0.05=2914.45 |
Hydroponic greenhouse | 10923 kg | 0.67 | S2×0.67=68790.91 | |
PV power generation | 21383 kWh | 0.05 | S3×0.05=1599.55 | |
Composite mode | 8404 kg 21340 kWh | 0.52 0.04 | (S4+S6)×0.56=44239.44 | |
Total | - | - | 1.33 | 117544.35 |
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