Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2021, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (1): 30-42.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.01.004
• Animal Ecology • Previous Articles Next Articles
Kaushalendra K. JHA1,*(), Radhika JHA2
Received:
2020-06-16
Accepted:
2020-08-15
Online:
2021-01-30
Published:
2021-03-30
Contact:
Kaushalendra K. JHA
Kaushalendra K. JHA, Radhika JHA. Study of Vulture Habitat Suitability and Impact of Climate Change in Central India Using MaxEnt[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2021, 12(1): 30-42.
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URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.01.004
Fig. 1 Location of vulture species in Central India surveyed in 2016 Note: This presence only record has been used in Species Distribution Model, MaxEnt, as sample input. Proximity of vulture locations may be noted to forested landscape in most cases.
Bio-climatic | Environmental | |
---|---|---|
Temperature | Precipitation | |
(i) bio 3 = Isothermality (bio 2/bio 7) ×100 | (v) bio 13 = Precipitation of wettest month | (x) LULC (Forest, water, rural and urban built-up area, agriculture, wasteland, scrubland) |
(ii) bio 5 = Max temperature of warmest month | (vi) bio 14 = Precipitation of driest month | (xi ) NDVI (January 2016) (xii) NDVI (May 2016) |
(iii) bio 9 = Mean temperature of driest quarter | (vii) bio 15 = Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) | (xiii) Elevation |
(iv) bio 11 = Mean temperature of coldest quarter | (viii) bio 18 = Precipitation of warmest quarter | |
(ix) bio 19 = Precipitation of coldest quarter |
Table 1 Selected variables used in vulture habitat prediction model
Bio-climatic | Environmental | |
---|---|---|
Temperature | Precipitation | |
(i) bio 3 = Isothermality (bio 2/bio 7) ×100 | (v) bio 13 = Precipitation of wettest month | (x) LULC (Forest, water, rural and urban built-up area, agriculture, wasteland, scrubland) |
(ii) bio 5 = Max temperature of warmest month | (vi) bio 14 = Precipitation of driest month | (xi ) NDVI (January 2016) (xii) NDVI (May 2016) |
(iii) bio 9 = Mean temperature of driest quarter | (vii) bio 15 = Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) | (xiii) Elevation |
(iv) bio 11 = Mean temperature of coldest quarter | (viii) bio 18 = Precipitation of warmest quarter | |
(ix) bio 19 = Precipitation of coldest quarter |
Fig. 2 Flow chart of Species Distribution Modelling using MaxEnt software Note: EV I to EV IV are environmental variables (Table 1); N indicates any number of EV. Flow is top to bottom along connectors.
Fig. 3 Jackknife charts of variable contribution in model prediction Note: The bars in light blue represent without variable; the bars in dark blue represent with only variable; the bars in red represent with all variables.
Fig. 4 The expanse of habitat suitability classes under different scenarios Note: Top two maps compare impact of LULC inclusion in terms of reduced suitable area in the top right map.
Habitat suitability category | Current (2016) | Short term (2050) | Long term (2070) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental | Climatic | Climatic | Climatic | |||
RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | |||
Least suitable | 242265 (79.3) | 189013 (61.1) | 187442 (60.6) | 188833 (61.0) | 191174 (61.8) | 190816 (61.7) |
Slightly suitable | 27733 (9.1) | 78313 (25.3) | 79883 (25.8) | 79138 (25.6) | 76827 (24.8) | 78066 (25.2) |
Moderately suitable | 28089 (9.2) | 33930 (11.0) | 33347 (10.8) | 33330 (10.8) | 32513 (10.5) | 31633 (10.2) |
Highly suitable | 7310 (2.4) | 7336 (2.4) | 8020 (2.6) | 7357 (2.4) | 8139 (2.6) | 8118 (2.6) |
Extremely suitable | 217 (0.1) | 829 (0.3) | 729 (0.2) | 764 (0.2) | 769 (0.2) | 788 (0.3) |
Table 2 Habitat suitability area (km2; average of three GCMs) distribution among different categories under varied scenario
Habitat suitability category | Current (2016) | Short term (2050) | Long term (2070) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental | Climatic | Climatic | Climatic | |||
RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | |||
Least suitable | 242265 (79.3) | 189013 (61.1) | 187442 (60.6) | 188833 (61.0) | 191174 (61.8) | 190816 (61.7) |
Slightly suitable | 27733 (9.1) | 78313 (25.3) | 79883 (25.8) | 79138 (25.6) | 76827 (24.8) | 78066 (25.2) |
Moderately suitable | 28089 (9.2) | 33930 (11.0) | 33347 (10.8) | 33330 (10.8) | 32513 (10.5) | 31633 (10.2) |
Highly suitable | 7310 (2.4) | 7336 (2.4) | 8020 (2.6) | 7357 (2.4) | 8139 (2.6) | 8118 (2.6) |
Extremely suitable | 217 (0.1) | 829 (0.3) | 729 (0.2) | 764 (0.2) | 769 (0.2) | 788 (0.3) |
Category | Bioclimatic | RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2050 | 2070 | 2050 | 2070 | |
Low habitat suitability | 266641 | 264391 | 264294 | 264599 | 265111 |
Gain | 0 | 2250 | 2347 | 2042 | 1530 |
Loss | 0 | 2249 | 3020 | 2685 | 3082 |
High habitat suitability | 41987 | 39738 | 38967 | 39302 | 38905 |
Table 3 Data representing the expanse of habitat suitability and possible future change in km2
Category | Bioclimatic | RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2050 | 2070 | 2050 | 2070 | |
Low habitat suitability | 266641 | 264391 | 264294 | 264599 | 265111 |
Gain | 0 | 2250 | 2347 | 2042 | 1530 |
Loss | 0 | 2249 | 3020 | 2685 | 3082 |
High habitat suitability | 41987 | 39738 | 38967 | 39302 | 38905 |
Fig. 5 The changes in vulture habitat area suitability from low to high and vice versa in short term (2050) and long term (2070) with respect to present (2016)
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[1] | WU Liang, WANG Min, OUYANG Hua, CHENG Shengkui, SONG MingHua. Spatial Distribution Modelling of Kobresia pygmaea (Cyperaceae) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2017, 8(1): 20-29. |
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