Analysis on the Spatio-temporal Patterns of Water Conservation Services in Beijing

doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.04.003

Abstract

Abstract:

The shortage of water resources is a key factor limiting the sustainable development of the economy and society in Beijing. This study analysed the spatiotemporal patterns of Beijing’s water conservation services (WCS) based on the water balance equation at multiple scales, including city, main functional areas and key districts and counties, determined the differences in the water conservation amount among different land cover types and investigated the reasons for the spatiotemporal differences in the water conservation amount. The results indicated that: (1) compared to 2005, water conservation amount increased substantially in 2010. However, the overall water conservation capacity was low. (2) Among the various land cover types in Beijing, the average water conservation capacity decreased in the following order: wetland, forest, grassland, cropland, bare land and artificial surface. (3) The average water conservation amount in the main functional areas of Beijing varied substantially and was positive only in the ecological conservation area (ECA). (4) The water conservation capacity of each district and county varied substantially within ECA, among which the contribution of the forest in Miyun District, Huairou District and Pinggu District was the highest. The changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of Beijing’s WCS were the synthetic effects of changes in the land covers and meteorological conditions. This study is helpful in achieving the sustainable utilization of water resources in Beijing.

Key words: water conservation services, spatial and temporal patterns, water balance, Beijing

XU Jie,XIAO Yu,XIE Gaodi. Analysis on the Spatio-temporal Patterns of Water Conservation Services in Beijing[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2019, 10(4): 362-372.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1 The location and functional zoning of Beijing

Table 1 Surface runoff coefficient of different land cover types in Beijing

Land cover types	Surface runoff coefficient (%)	Location	Source
Forests
Deciduous broadleaf forest	1.31	Yanqing	Ye, 2007; Huang, 2012
Evergreen/ Deciduous needleleaf forest	0.93	Mentougou	Huang, 2012; Lü, 2013
Mixed forests	1.64	Mentougou	Lü, 2013
Evergreen/ Deciduous broadleaf shrub	4.02	Mentougou	Lü, 2013
Arbor plantation/Arbor greenbelt	9.14	Huairou	Wang, 2011
Grassland	9.57	Huairou	Wang, 2011
Wetland	0	-	Xu et al., 2018
Cropland
Paddy field	0	-	Xu et al., 2018
Dryland cropland	22.95	Huairou	Wang, 2011
Artificial surface	65.00	urban area of Beijing	Wang et al., 2011
Others	32.88	Huairou	Wang, 2011

Table 2 Reference value of water conservation function importance coefficient ω

Land cover types	Cropland	Forest	Shrub	Grassland	Artificial surface	Others
ω	0.5	1.5	1	0.5	0.1	0.1

Fig. 2 Variation of precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and water conservation amount in BeijingNote: P-Average Precipitation; AET-Average Actual Evapotranspiration; R-Average Surface Runoff; WCON- Average Water Conservation Amount.

Fig. 3 Spatio-temporal distribution of the average water conservation of Beijing in 2005 and 2010

Fig. 4 The spatio-temporal distribution of meteorological elements of Beijing in 2000-2007 and 2008-2015 (mm)Note: P-Average Precipitation; ET0-Average Evapotranspiration; AET-Average Actual Evapotranspiration; R-Average Surface Runoff.

Fig. 5 Average and total water conservation amount of the first land cover types of Beijing in 2005 and 2010

Fig. 6 Average water conservation amount of the second land cover types of Beijing in 2005 and 2010Note: DBF: Deciduous Broadleaf Forest; EBF: Evergreen Broadleaf Forest; DNF: Deciduous Needleleaf Forest; MF: Mixed Forests; EBSF: Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub Forest; DBSF: Deciduous Broadleaf Shrub Forest; AP: Arbor Plantation; AG: Arbor Greenbelt; M: Meadow; HS: Herbaceous Steppe; BW: Brushwood; HGS: Herbaceous Green Space; SG: Sparse Grassland; HW: Herbaceous Wetland; L:Lake; RP: Reservoir and Pond; RV: Rivers; CWC: Canal and Water Channel; PF: Paddy Field; DC: Dryland Cropland; R: Residence; IL: Industrial Land; TL: Transportation Land; S: Stope; BR: Bare Rock; BL: Bare Land.

Fig. 7 Variation of precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff and water conservation amount of Beijing’s functional areas in 2005 and 2010Note: P-Average Precipitation; AET-Average Actual Evapotranspiration; R-Average Surface Runoff; WCON- Average Water Conservation Amount; TWCON- Total Water Conservation Amount.

Fig. 8 Land cover types composition of Beijing’s functional areas

Fig. 9 Land cover types of Beijing’s functional areas

Fig. 10 The water conservation amount of different counties in Beijing’s Ecological Conservation Area

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