Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2022, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (6): 1009-1021.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.06.006
• Resource Use and Resource Economy • Previous Articles Next Articles
TIMSINA Ritu Raj1,2(), WU Mingquan1,2,*(
), NIU Zheng1,2
Received:
2021-10-10
Accepted:
2022-01-20
Online:
2022-11-30
Published:
2022-10-12
Contact:
WU Mingquan
About author:
TIMSINA Ritu Raj, E-mail: rajtimsina07@gmail.com
Supported by:
TIMSINA Ritu Raj, WU Mingquan, NIU Zheng. A Comparison of Local- and Foreign-funded Hydropower Station Construction in Nepal based on Remote Sensing[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(6): 1009-1021.
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URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.06.006
Satellite | Sensor | Path/Row | Date | Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Landsat-8 | OLI | 141/40 | 2020-12-07 | 30 |
141/40 | 2014-12-07 | 30 | ||
141/41 | 2020-12-07 | 30 | ||
Landsat-7 | ETM+ | 141/41 | 2012-12-07 | 30 |
Table 1 Landsat data used in this study
Satellite | Sensor | Path/Row | Date | Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Landsat-8 | OLI | 141/40 | 2020-12-07 | 30 |
141/40 | 2014-12-07 | 30 | ||
141/41 | 2020-12-07 | 30 | ||
Landsat-7 | ETM+ | 141/41 | 2012-12-07 | 30 |
Category | Rasuwagadhi area | Upper Trishuli 3A area | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 2014 | 2017 | 2020 | 2012 | 2014 | 2017 | 2020 | |
Roads | 0.51 | 1.91 | 1.93 | 1.74 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 1.32 |
Construction and materials | 19.75 | 35.10 | 6.38 | 37.23 | 34.33 | 38.70 | ||
Houses | 0.50 | 14.83 | 32.65 | 33.40 | 2.69 | 7.63 | 9.27 | 7.01 |
Power station | 19.59 | 18.93 | 23.07 | |||||
Sand filtering area | 17.24 | 18.39 | 11.32 | |||||
Dam | 0 | 13.37 | 35.73 | |||||
Vehicles number | 8 | 48 | 65 | 14 | 16 | 28 |
Table 2 Areal coverage of different structures (ha) and vehicle numbers around the two hydropower stations
Category | Rasuwagadhi area | Upper Trishuli 3A area | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 2014 | 2017 | 2020 | 2012 | 2014 | 2017 | 2020 | |
Roads | 0.51 | 1.91 | 1.93 | 1.74 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 1.32 |
Construction and materials | 19.75 | 35.10 | 6.38 | 37.23 | 34.33 | 38.70 | ||
Houses | 0.50 | 14.83 | 32.65 | 33.40 | 2.69 | 7.63 | 9.27 | 7.01 |
Power station | 19.59 | 18.93 | 23.07 | |||||
Sand filtering area | 17.24 | 18.39 | 11.32 | |||||
Dam | 0 | 13.37 | 35.73 | |||||
Vehicles number | 8 | 48 | 65 | 14 | 16 | 28 |
Fig. 4 Constructed areas in the Upper Trishuli 3A power station region on (a) December 12, 2014, (b) December 27, 2017, and (c) October 25, 2020, showing construction progress.
Fig. 5 Constructed areas in the Rasuwagadhi hydropower region on (a) December 12, 2014, (b) November 30, 2017, and (c) January 9, 2020, showing construction progress.
NDVI range | December 7, 2012 | December 7, 2020 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | |
NDVI < -0.2 | 36.9 | 7.5 | 7.38 | 1.51 |
-0.2 ≤ NDVI < 0 | 106.56 | 21.68 | 46.26 | 9.41 |
0 ≤ NDVI < 0.2 | 244.08 | 49.67 | 199.98 | 40.69 |
0.2 ≤ NDVI < 0.4 | 103.68 | 21.09 | 221.85 | 45.14 |
0.4 ≤ NDVI < 0.6 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 15.93 | 3.24 |
Table 3 Upper Trishuli 3A hydropower station vegetation monitoring
NDVI range | December 7, 2012 | December 7, 2020 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | |
NDVI < -0.2 | 36.9 | 7.5 | 7.38 | 1.51 |
-0.2 ≤ NDVI < 0 | 106.56 | 21.68 | 46.26 | 9.41 |
0 ≤ NDVI < 0.2 | 244.08 | 49.67 | 199.98 | 40.69 |
0.2 ≤ NDVI < 0.4 | 103.68 | 21.09 | 221.85 | 45.14 |
0.4 ≤ NDVI < 0.6 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 15.93 | 3.24 |
NDVI range | December 7, 2014 | December 7, 2020 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | |
NDVI < -0.2 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 3.96 | 7.35 |
-0.2 ≤ NDVI < 0 | 1.26 | 2.34 | 18.27 | 33.94 |
0 ≤NDVI < 0.2 | 6.66 | 12.37 | 19.53 | 36.28 |
0.2 ≤ NDVI < 0.4 | 19.08 | 35.45 | 8.1 | 15.05 |
0.4 ≤ NDVI < 0.6 | 26.73 | 49.66 | 3.96 | 7.35 |
Table 4 Rasuwagadhi hydropower station vegetation monitoring
NDVI range | December 7, 2014 | December 7, 2020 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | |
NDVI < -0.2 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 3.96 | 7.35 |
-0.2 ≤ NDVI < 0 | 1.26 | 2.34 | 18.27 | 33.94 |
0 ≤NDVI < 0.2 | 6.66 | 12.37 | 19.53 | 36.28 |
0.2 ≤ NDVI < 0.4 | 19.08 | 35.45 | 8.1 | 15.05 |
0.4 ≤ NDVI < 0.6 | 26.73 | 49.66 | 3.96 | 7.35 |
Category | Upper Trishuli 3A | Rasuwagadhi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
October, 2012 | October, 2020 | November, 2014 | January, 2020 | |
Water | 120.41 | 101.37 | 78.87 | 57.98 |
Forest | 265.74 | 316.38 | 224.40 | 218.67 |
Roads | 0.647 | 2.43 | 1.246 | 1.42 |
Houses | 2.35 | 13.30 | 11.29 | 22.33 |
Bare land | 99.53 | 135.90 | 475.10 | 684.41 |
Agricultural land | 227.34 | 129.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cloud cover | 97.61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Bridge | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.015 | 0.028 |
Shrubs | 438.61 | 536.59 | 475.30 | 305.83 |
Sandy area | 80.31 | 101.83 | 64.98 | 63.40 |
Table 5 Land cover areas (ha) around the Upper Trishuli 3A and Rasuwagadhi hydropower stations in two years
Category | Upper Trishuli 3A | Rasuwagadhi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
October, 2012 | October, 2020 | November, 2014 | January, 2020 | |
Water | 120.41 | 101.37 | 78.87 | 57.98 |
Forest | 265.74 | 316.38 | 224.40 | 218.67 |
Roads | 0.647 | 2.43 | 1.246 | 1.42 |
Houses | 2.35 | 13.30 | 11.29 | 22.33 |
Bare land | 99.53 | 135.90 | 475.10 | 684.41 |
Agricultural land | 227.34 | 129.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cloud cover | 97.61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Bridge | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.015 | 0.028 |
Shrubs | 438.61 | 536.59 | 475.30 | 305.83 |
Sandy area | 80.31 | 101.83 | 64.98 | 63.40 |
Category | Upper Trishuli 3A | Rasuwagadhi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Producer accuracy (%) | User accuracy (%) | Producer accuracy (%) | User accuracy (%) | |
Water | 100.00 | 97.72 | 72.09 | 81.00 |
Forest | 83.87 | 96.30 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Roads | 85.18 | 91.27 | 82.00 | 100.00 |
Houses | 85.16 | 97.48 | 87.00 | 83.98 |
Bare land | 65.37 | 76.31 | 92.86 | 63.79 |
Agricultural land | 70.23 | 83.20 | - | - |
Cloud cover | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - |
Shrubs | 70.87 | 59.60 | 99.52 | 96.76 |
Sandy area | 77.34 | 79.18 | 60.24 | 66.67 |
Sand filtering | - | - | 90.02 | 92.74 |
Total | 82.00 | 86.78 | 84.96 | 85.61 |
Table 6 Accuracy evaluation of the land-cover maps of the Upper Trishuli 3A and Rasuwagadhi hydropower station regions
Category | Upper Trishuli 3A | Rasuwagadhi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Producer accuracy (%) | User accuracy (%) | Producer accuracy (%) | User accuracy (%) | |
Water | 100.00 | 97.72 | 72.09 | 81.00 |
Forest | 83.87 | 96.30 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Roads | 85.18 | 91.27 | 82.00 | 100.00 |
Houses | 85.16 | 97.48 | 87.00 | 83.98 |
Bare land | 65.37 | 76.31 | 92.86 | 63.79 |
Agricultural land | 70.23 | 83.20 | - | - |
Cloud cover | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | - |
Shrubs | 70.87 | 59.60 | 99.52 | 96.76 |
Sandy area | 77.34 | 79.18 | 60.24 | 66.67 |
Sand filtering | - | - | 90.02 | 92.74 |
Total | 82.00 | 86.78 | 84.96 | 85.61 |
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