Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2022, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (4): 552-563.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.04.002
• Development and Management of Ice and Snow Tourism in China • Previous Articles Next Articles
TANG Chengcai1,2(), ZENG Rui1,2, YANG Yuanyuan1,2, XU Shiyi1,2,*(
), WANG Xin1,2
Received:
2021-10-25
Accepted:
2022-01-20
Online:
2022-07-30
Published:
2022-06-07
Contact:
XU Shiyi
About author:
TANG Chengcai, E-mail: tcc5808@163.com
Supported by:
TANG Chengcai, ZENG Rui, YANG Yuanyuan, XU Shiyi, WANG Xin. High-quality Development Paths of Ice-snow Tourism in China from the Perspective of the Winter Olympics[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(4): 552-563.
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URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.04.002
Level | Year | Name of policies | Issuing institutions |
---|---|---|---|
Central Government | 2019 | Opinions on Taking the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics As an Opportunity to Vigorously Develop Ice-snow Sports | General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China |
2019 | Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting National Fitness and Sports Consumption and Promoting the High-quality Development of the Sports Industry | General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China | |
National Ministry | 2016 | Ice-snow Sports Development Plan (2016-2025) | National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China, General Administration of Sport, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, National Tourism Administration of the People’s Republic of China |
2016 | National Ice-snow Field Facilities Construction Plan (2016- 2022) | 7 departments including National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China, National Tourism Administration of the People’s Republic of China, etc. | |
2016 | Mass Winter Sports Promotion and Popularization Plan | 23 departments including State Taxation Administration, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China, etc. | |
2018 | Implementation Outline of “Bringing 300 Million People to Participate in Ice-snow Sports” (2018-2022) | General Administration of Sport | |
2021 | Ice-snow Tourism Development Action Plan (2021-2023) | Ministry of Culture and tourism of the People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China, General Administration of Sport | |
Local Government | 2016 | Opinions of the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality on Accelerating the Development of Ice-snow Sports (2016-2022) | The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality |
2017 | Sichuan Province Ice-snow Sports Development Plan (2016-2025) | The People’s Government of Sichuan Province | |
2019 | Implementation Opinions on Taking the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics As an Opportunity to Vigorously Develop Ice-snow Sports and Ice-snow Economy | The People’s Government of Jilin Province | |
2020 | Heilongjiang Province Ice-snow Tourism Industry Development Plan (2020-2030) | Heilongjiang Provincial Culture and Tourism Office | |
2016 | Hebei Province Winter Sports Development Plan (2015- 2022) | Hebei Provincial Sports Bureau, Hebei Development and Reform Commission | |
2021 | Hebei Province Ice-snow Tourism Development Implementation Plan (2021-2023) | The People’s Government of Heibei Province | |
2021 | China (Changbai Mountains-Altai Mountains) Ice-snow Economic High-quality Development Pilot Area Master Plan | The People’s Government of Jilin Province and The Government of Xinjiang |
Table 1 Policies related to ice-snow tourism issued by national ministries and local governments
Level | Year | Name of policies | Issuing institutions |
---|---|---|---|
Central Government | 2019 | Opinions on Taking the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics As an Opportunity to Vigorously Develop Ice-snow Sports | General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China |
2019 | Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting National Fitness and Sports Consumption and Promoting the High-quality Development of the Sports Industry | General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China | |
National Ministry | 2016 | Ice-snow Sports Development Plan (2016-2025) | National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China, General Administration of Sport, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, National Tourism Administration of the People’s Republic of China |
2016 | National Ice-snow Field Facilities Construction Plan (2016- 2022) | 7 departments including National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China, National Tourism Administration of the People’s Republic of China, etc. | |
2016 | Mass Winter Sports Promotion and Popularization Plan | 23 departments including State Taxation Administration, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China, etc. | |
2018 | Implementation Outline of “Bringing 300 Million People to Participate in Ice-snow Sports” (2018-2022) | General Administration of Sport | |
2021 | Ice-snow Tourism Development Action Plan (2021-2023) | Ministry of Culture and tourism of the People’s Republic of China, National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China, General Administration of Sport | |
Local Government | 2016 | Opinions of the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality on Accelerating the Development of Ice-snow Sports (2016-2022) | The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality |
2017 | Sichuan Province Ice-snow Sports Development Plan (2016-2025) | The People’s Government of Sichuan Province | |
2019 | Implementation Opinions on Taking the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics As an Opportunity to Vigorously Develop Ice-snow Sports and Ice-snow Economy | The People’s Government of Jilin Province | |
2020 | Heilongjiang Province Ice-snow Tourism Industry Development Plan (2020-2030) | Heilongjiang Provincial Culture and Tourism Office | |
2016 | Hebei Province Winter Sports Development Plan (2015- 2022) | Hebei Provincial Sports Bureau, Hebei Development and Reform Commission | |
2021 | Hebei Province Ice-snow Tourism Development Implementation Plan (2021-2023) | The People’s Government of Heibei Province | |
2021 | China (Changbai Mountains-Altai Mountains) Ice-snow Economic High-quality Development Pilot Area Master Plan | The People’s Government of Jilin Province and The Government of Xinjiang |
Year | Location | Cause of the accident | Accident level | Casualties |
---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | Sanchang Ski Resort, Julu County, Hebei Province | Facility construction is not up to standards | General accident | 5 people injured |
2017 | Wanlong Ski Resort in Chongli, Zhangjiakou | Unreasonable ski slope design | General accident | 1 person died |
2017 | Taiwu Ski Resort in Chongli | Facilities and equipment are not up to standards | General accident | 1 person died |
2020 | Wanlong Ski Resort in Chongli, Zhangjiakou | The unsound supporting medical service system | General accident | 1 person died |
2020 | Ice Lantern and Snow Sculpture Hall, Taiqi Mountain Scenic Area, Shanxi Province | Catastrophic fire | Major accident | 13 people died, 15 injured |
2021 | Yunding Ski Resort in Chongli, Zhangjiakou | Unreasonable facility layout | General accident | 1 person died |
Table 2 Some safety accidents in China’s ice-snow tourism in recent years
Year | Location | Cause of the accident | Accident level | Casualties |
---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | Sanchang Ski Resort, Julu County, Hebei Province | Facility construction is not up to standards | General accident | 5 people injured |
2017 | Wanlong Ski Resort in Chongli, Zhangjiakou | Unreasonable ski slope design | General accident | 1 person died |
2017 | Taiwu Ski Resort in Chongli | Facilities and equipment are not up to standards | General accident | 1 person died |
2020 | Wanlong Ski Resort in Chongli, Zhangjiakou | The unsound supporting medical service system | General accident | 1 person died |
2020 | Ice Lantern and Snow Sculpture Hall, Taiqi Mountain Scenic Area, Shanxi Province | Catastrophic fire | Major accident | 13 people died, 15 injured |
2021 | Yunding Ski Resort in Chongli, Zhangjiakou | Unreasonable facility layout | General accident | 1 person died |
Fig. 2 Comparison of the domestic and imported quantities and proportions of new snow-making machines in ski resorts in China Note: Data are from 2020 China Ski Industry White Paper (Wu, 2021).
Fig. 3 Change in the Chinese skiing penetration rate Notes: 1) Skiing penetration rate refers to the penetration rate of the skiing population, which is equal to the proportion of skiing population in the total population of the country. 2) The total population data from 2014 to 2019 are from the Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development of the National Bureau of statistics over the years, and the total number of skiers is from the China Ski Industry White Paper of Wu Bin from 2014 to 2019. The total population in 2020 comes from the Forecast of the National Population Development Plan (2016-2030), and the total number of skiers comes from the Forecast of the 2016-2021 China Indoor Ski Resort Industry Market Analysis and Investment Prospect Consulting Report issued by the Chinese Academy of Commerce Industry.
Classifications | Contents | Project examples |
---|---|---|
Ice-snow sightseeing | Natural landscape | Ice falls, rime, glaciers, etc. |
Cultural landscape | Ice sculptures, ice lanterns, snow sculptures, etc. | |
Ice-snow sports | Snow sport events | Snowboarding, freestyle skiing, alpine skiing, etc. |
Ice sport events | Short track speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey, etc. | |
Other leisure sports | Ice climbing, mountain climbing, ice fishing, snow football, etc. | |
Ice-snow recreation and vacation | Ice-snow theme parks | Ice amusement items, snow amusement items, etc. |
Ice-snow holiday tourism areas | Ice-snow town, ice-snow resort, etc. | |
Ice-snow themed hotels and camps | Igloo ice hotel, snow inn, ice-snow campground, etc. | |
Ice-snow events | Events | Winter Olympics, local sports festivals, etc. |
Entertainment | Ice-snow dance festival, ice-snow music festival, etc. | |
Experience | Ice-snow picking, ice-snow culture experience, etc. | |
Study | Ice-snow sports research base, ice-snow sports training base, etc. |
Table 3 Product system of ice-snow tourism
Classifications | Contents | Project examples |
---|---|---|
Ice-snow sightseeing | Natural landscape | Ice falls, rime, glaciers, etc. |
Cultural landscape | Ice sculptures, ice lanterns, snow sculptures, etc. | |
Ice-snow sports | Snow sport events | Snowboarding, freestyle skiing, alpine skiing, etc. |
Ice sport events | Short track speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey, etc. | |
Other leisure sports | Ice climbing, mountain climbing, ice fishing, snow football, etc. | |
Ice-snow recreation and vacation | Ice-snow theme parks | Ice amusement items, snow amusement items, etc. |
Ice-snow holiday tourism areas | Ice-snow town, ice-snow resort, etc. | |
Ice-snow themed hotels and camps | Igloo ice hotel, snow inn, ice-snow campground, etc. | |
Ice-snow events | Events | Winter Olympics, local sports festivals, etc. |
Entertainment | Ice-snow dance festival, ice-snow music festival, etc. | |
Experience | Ice-snow picking, ice-snow culture experience, etc. | |
Study | Ice-snow sports research base, ice-snow sports training base, etc. |
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