Estimating the Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Green Development Level in Beijing during 2006-2016

doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.01.017

Abstract

Abstract:

Green development is an important way to achieve global sustainable development goals, and has become one of the main research hotspots in recent years. Balancing economic development and environmental protection has turned out to be a great challenge in Beijing, the capital of China, which can provide some suggestions on ecological civilization construction and green development for other cities. However, there have been limited studies on this crucial topic. Therefore, based on the statistical data for Beijing from 2006 to 2016, this paper constructed the green development evaluation system of Beijing, and used the Projection Pursuit Model and spatial analysis method to analyze the spatial and temporal changes in its green development level. We also aimed to further explore the influences of key factors on green development. Our results illustrated that: (1) the overall and average levels of green development in Beijing showed significant increasing trends; (2) there are obvious spatial differences in green development among districts in Beijing, with the outer districts showing higher values; and (3) the environmental condition and human consumption were two important factors driving the green development in Beijing.

Key words: green development, green development evaluation system, the projection pursuit model, Beijing

LUN Fei, LI Hong, HU Qiyuan, GAO Xiang, ZHA Sihan, HUO Wei, ZHANG Dan, XIAO Xiao. Estimating the Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Green Development Level in Beijing during 2006-2016[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(1): 161-172.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1 The study area and its associated green development indicators. (a) Location of the study area in China; (b) Locations of the functional zones in the study area; (c) Average concentrations of PM2.5 of each functional zone in 2006 and 2016; (d) GDP per capita of each functional zone in 2006 and 2016. Note 1: Here and elsewhere in this essay, CFZ means the core of functional zone, includes Dongcheng and Xicheng; FEZ means the functional expansion zone, includes Chaoyang, Fengtai, Shijingshan and Haidian; UDZ means the urban development zone, includes Fangshan, Tongzhou, Shunyi, Changping and Daxing; and ERZ means the ecological reservation zone, includes Mentougou, Huairou, Pinggu, Miyun and Yanqing.

Table 1 The evaluation index system of green development in Beijing

Dimension	Indicator	Negative or positive
Green Production	P1: Energy consumption per GDP	Negative
	P2: Electricity consumption per GDP	Negative
	P3: Water supply per GDP	Negative
	P4: Energy consumption per unit area	Negative
	P5: Electricity consumption per unit area	Negative
	P6: Water consumption per unit area	Negative
	P7: GDP per capita	Positive
	P8: GDP per unit area	Positive
Green Living	L1: The number of cars per capita	Negative
	L2: The number of cars per unit area	Negative
	L3: Household energy consumption per capita	Negative
	L4: Household water consumption per capita	Negative
	L5: The number of public libraries per ten thousand people	Positive
	L6: The number of hospitals per ten thousand people	Positive
	L7: The number of stadiums per ten thousand people	Positive
	L8: The harmless treatment rate of household waste	Positive
Green Environment	E1: The density of population	Negative
	E2: The coverage rate of forest	Positive
	E3: The annual average concentration of SO₂	Negative
	E4: The annual average concentration of NO₂	Negative
	E5: The annual average concentration of PM_2.5	Negative

Table 2 The evaluation index system of green development in Beijing and the indicator and dimension scores

Dimension	Indicator	Weight
Green production 1.3900	P1: Energy consumption per GDP	0.1200
	P2: Electricity consumption per GDP	0.0654
	P3: Water supply per GDP	0.0800
	P4: Energy consumption per unit area	0.3132
	P5: Electricity consumption per unit area	0.2306
	P6: Water consumption per unit area	0.3668
	P7: GDP per capita	0.0590
	P8: GDP per unit area	0.1622
Green living 1.4100	L1: The number of cars per capita	0.1800
	L2: The number of cars per unit area	0.2347
	L3: Household energy consumption per capita	0.1263
	L4: Household water consumption per capita	0.1551
	L5: The number of public libraries per ten thousand people	0.1254
	L6: The number of hospitals per ten thousand people	0.1279
	L7: The number of stadiums per ten thousand people	0.3193
	L8: The harmless treatment rate of household waste	0.1422
Green environment 1.3281	E1: The density of population	0.3327
	E2: The coverage rate of forest	0.3722
	E3: The annual average concentration of SO₂	0.1961
	E4: The annual average concentration of NO₂	0.2148
	E5: The annual average concentration of PM_2.5	0.2123

Fig. 2 The overall trend of green development in Beijing during the research period. (a) The green development index of Beijing from 2006 to 2016; (b) Box diagram of the green development index in Beijing from 2006 to 2016.

Fig. 3 The Green Development Index (GDI) in Beijing from 2006 to 2016

Fig. 4 Changes in the green development in Beijing during the study period. (a) Annual rate of magnitude increase of green development in Beijing; (b) Annual rate of percentage increase of green development in Beijing.

Fig. 5 Comparison of green development components in Beijing. (a) The composition of green development in 2006; (b) The composition of green development in 2016.

Fig. 6 Detailed charts of the green development score composition of each functional area in Beijing in 2006 and 2016

Fig. 7 Relationship between the coverage rate of forest (E2) and the annual average concentration of PM2.5 (E5) in function zones Note: The size each bubble represents the level of GDP per capita (P7) and its color represents the functional zones.

Fig. 8 Changes in the coverage rate of forest (E2) and the level of GDP per capita (P7) between 2006 and 2016 Note: The angle formed by the direction of each arrow and the abscissa can be used to characterize the rate of regional economic development and ecological development.

Fig. 9 Comparative situation of green development characteristic indexes in different regions of Beijing analyzed in 2006 and 2016. (a) The energy consumption per GDP in 2006 and 2016; (b) The water supply per GDP in 2006 and 2016; (c) The number of hospitals per ten thousand people in each functional zone; (d) The number of stadiums per ten thousand people in each functional zone. Note: CFAFEZ means CFZ and FEZ, the two regions are shown together due to the small amount of water supply per GDP and the small intra-regional differences.

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