Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2021, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (1): 68-79.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.01.007
• Resource Economy • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:
2020-06-14
Accepted:
2020-09-15
Online:
2021-01-30
Published:
2021-03-30
Contact:
WANG Yajun
Supported by:
WANG Yajun. Relationship between Industrialization, Urbanization and Industrial Ecology in Western China: A Panel Vector Auto-Regression Model Analysis[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2021, 12(1): 68-79.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX
URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.01.007
Destination layer | Criterion layer | Index layer | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic development level | Per capita GDP (22.9) | ||||
Industrialization | Economic scale | Proportion of the gross product of tertiary industry in total GDP (18.1) Proportion of labor force population from secondary and tertiary industries in the total labor force population (16.5) | |||
Government promotion Modernization level of agriculture | Proportion of R&D expenditure in GDP (14.9) Proportions of fiscal revenue and fiscal expenditure (15.4) Total power of agricultural machinery per hectare (12.2) | ||||
Urbanization | Spatial distribution of population among cities and rural areas | Proportion of urban population in total population (100) | |||
Industrial development level | Growth speed of industrial added value (21.6) | ||||
Industrial ecology | Energy and resource utilization | Total energy consumption (17.4) Employment of extractive industry/ Total employment (18.2) | |||
Environmental pollution degree | Industrial waste water discharge (14.1) Industrial sulfur dioxide emission (14.5) Industrial solid waste utilization rate (14.2) |
Table 1 Selection of related industrialization, urbanization and industrial ecology indexes and their weights
Destination layer | Criterion layer | Index layer | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic development level | Per capita GDP (22.9) | ||||
Industrialization | Economic scale | Proportion of the gross product of tertiary industry in total GDP (18.1) Proportion of labor force population from secondary and tertiary industries in the total labor force population (16.5) | |||
Government promotion Modernization level of agriculture | Proportion of R&D expenditure in GDP (14.9) Proportions of fiscal revenue and fiscal expenditure (15.4) Total power of agricultural machinery per hectare (12.2) | ||||
Urbanization | Spatial distribution of population among cities and rural areas | Proportion of urban population in total population (100) | |||
Industrial development level | Growth speed of industrial added value (21.6) | ||||
Industrial ecology | Energy and resource utilization | Total energy consumption (17.4) Employment of extractive industry/ Total employment (18.2) | |||
Environmental pollution degree | Industrial waste water discharge (14.1) Industrial sulfur dioxide emission (14.5) Industrial solid waste utilization rate (14.2) |
Variable | Levin-Lin-Chu (LLC) test statistic value | Augmented Dicey-Fuller (ADF) test statistic value | Result |
---|---|---|---|
lnIN | 3.4592 | 8.0304 | Non-stationary |
lnUR | 2.4235 | 10.0871 | Non-stationary |
lnEC | 8.7021 | 11.7962 | Non-stationary |
d_lnIN | -2.9323** | -4.9669** | Stationary |
d_lnUR | -7.4089** | -10.1276* | Stationary |
d_lnEC | 0.4426** | -1.2723*** | Stationary |
Table 2 Stationary test of variables
Variable | Levin-Lin-Chu (LLC) test statistic value | Augmented Dicey-Fuller (ADF) test statistic value | Result |
---|---|---|---|
lnIN | 3.4592 | 8.0304 | Non-stationary |
lnUR | 2.4235 | 10.0871 | Non-stationary |
lnEC | 8.7021 | 11.7962 | Non-stationary |
d_lnIN | -2.9323** | -4.9669** | Stationary |
d_lnUR | -7.4089** | -10.1276* | Stationary |
d_lnEC | 0.4426** | -1.2723*** | Stationary |
Lag | Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) | Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) | Hannan Quinn Information Criterion (HQIC) |
---|---|---|---|
PVAR(1) | -6.433 | -5.831 | -6.279 |
PVAR(2) | -7.542 | -3.955 | -4.171 |
PVAR(3) | -8.496 | -6.548 | -7.098 |
PVAR(4) | -6.028 | -4.103 | -5.864 |
Table 3 Optimal lagged order test
Lag | Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) | Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) | Hannan Quinn Information Criterion (HQIC) |
---|---|---|---|
PVAR(1) | -6.433 | -5.831 | -6.279 |
PVAR(2) | -7.542 | -3.955 | -4.171 |
PVAR(3) | -8.496 | -6.548 | -7.098 |
PVAR(4) | -6.028 | -4.103 | -5.864 |
Variable | h_lnIN | h_lnUR | h_lnEC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | P value | Coefficient | P value | Coefficient | P value | |
L1. h_lnIN | 0.7803** | 0.013 | -0.2648 | 0.358 | -0.1818 | 0.582 |
L1. h_lnUR | 0.6757*** | 0.001 | -0.2436 | 0.226 | 0.3276 | 0.119 |
L1. h_lnEC | 1.1943*** | 0.000 | -0.2929 | 0.284 | 0.1615 | 0.512 |
L2. h_lnIN | -0.1011 | 0.541 | -0.0655 | 0.715 | 0.0706 | 0.776 |
L2. h_lnUR | 0.0173 | 0.917 | 0.1836 | 0.429 | 0.1575* | 0.061 |
L2. h_lnEC | -0.0161 | 0.920 | -0.0430 | 0.825 | 0.1132 | 0.400 |
L3. h_lnIN | -0.0916 | 0.346 | 0.0484** | 0.048 | -0.2850* | 0.083 |
L3. h_lnUR | 0.3333 | 0.114 | 0.1659 | 0.585 | -0.2261*** | 0.004 |
L3. h_lnEC | -0.0203 | 0.831 | 0.4612*** | 0.009 | -0.0565 | 0.511 |
Table 4 GMM estimation results of the dynamic panel
Variable | h_lnIN | h_lnUR | h_lnEC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | P value | Coefficient | P value | Coefficient | P value | |
L1. h_lnIN | 0.7803** | 0.013 | -0.2648 | 0.358 | -0.1818 | 0.582 |
L1. h_lnUR | 0.6757*** | 0.001 | -0.2436 | 0.226 | 0.3276 | 0.119 |
L1. h_lnEC | 1.1943*** | 0.000 | -0.2929 | 0.284 | 0.1615 | 0.512 |
L2. h_lnIN | -0.1011 | 0.541 | -0.0655 | 0.715 | 0.0706 | 0.776 |
L2. h_lnUR | 0.0173 | 0.917 | 0.1836 | 0.429 | 0.1575* | 0.061 |
L2. h_lnEC | -0.0161 | 0.920 | -0.0430 | 0.825 | 0.1132 | 0.400 |
L3. h_lnIN | -0.0916 | 0.346 | 0.0484** | 0.048 | -0.2850* | 0.083 |
L3. h_lnUR | 0.3333 | 0.114 | 0.1659 | 0.585 | -0.2261*** | 0.004 |
L3. h_lnEC | -0.0203 | 0.831 | 0.4612*** | 0.009 | -0.0565 | 0.511 |
Variable | Causality | 2-order lag | 3-order lag | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated value | Coefficient | Result | Estimated value | Coefficient | Result | ||
lnIN | lnEC non-Granger cause | 2.698** | 0.041 | Reject | 7.452* | 0.084 | Reject |
lnUR non-Granger cause | 1.819 | 0.611 | Not reject | 6.308* | 0.092 | Reject | |
ALL non-Granger cause | 3.952 | 0.683 | Not reject | 9.632* | 0.067 | Reject | |
lnUR | lnIN non-Granger cause | 2.227 | 0.527 | Not reject | 5.034* | 0.058 | Reject |
lnEC non-Granger cause | 10.643** | 0.014 | Reject | 3.011*** | 0.000 | Reject | |
ALL non-Granger cause | 11.723* | 0.068 | Reject | 2.654*** | 0.008 | Reject | |
lnEC | lnIN non-Granger cause | 5.755 | 0.324 | Not reject | 1.457*** | 0.003 | Reject |
lnUR non-Granger cause | 2.085 | 0.555 | Not reject | 1.019** | 0.021 | Reject | |
ALL non-Granger cause | 7.389* | 0.086 | Reject | 5.117** | 0.029 | Reject |
Table 5 Panel Granger Causality Test results
Variable | Causality | 2-order lag | 3-order lag | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated value | Coefficient | Result | Estimated value | Coefficient | Result | ||
lnIN | lnEC non-Granger cause | 2.698** | 0.041 | Reject | 7.452* | 0.084 | Reject |
lnUR non-Granger cause | 1.819 | 0.611 | Not reject | 6.308* | 0.092 | Reject | |
ALL non-Granger cause | 3.952 | 0.683 | Not reject | 9.632* | 0.067 | Reject | |
lnUR | lnIN non-Granger cause | 2.227 | 0.527 | Not reject | 5.034* | 0.058 | Reject |
lnEC non-Granger cause | 10.643** | 0.014 | Reject | 3.011*** | 0.000 | Reject | |
ALL non-Granger cause | 11.723* | 0.068 | Reject | 2.654*** | 0.008 | Reject | |
lnEC | lnIN non-Granger cause | 5.755 | 0.324 | Not reject | 1.457*** | 0.003 | Reject |
lnUR non-Granger cause | 2.085 | 0.555 | Not reject | 1.019** | 0.021 | Reject | |
ALL non-Granger cause | 7.389* | 0.086 | Reject | 5.117** | 0.029 | Reject |
Variable | Period | lnIN | lnUR | lnEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
lnIN | 7 | 0.6231 | 0.0468 | 0.3301 |
lnUR | 7 | 0.0993 | 0.2554 | 0.6453 |
lnEC | 7 | 0.1011 | 0.0503 | 0.8486 |
lnIN | 8 | 0.5549 | 0.0448 | 0.4003 |
lnUR | 8 | 0.1027 | 0.2431 | 0.6542 |
lnEC | 8 | 0.0942 | 0.0450 | 0.8608 |
lnIN | 9 | 0.4987 | 0.0442 | 0.4571 |
lnUR | 9 | 0.1084 | 0.2335 | 0.6581 |
lnEC | 9 | 0.0914 | 0.0412 | 0.8673 |
lnIN | 10 | 0.4544 | 0.0452 | 0.5004 |
lnUR | 10 | 0.1146 | 0.2270 | 0.6583 |
lnEC | 10 | 0.0911 | 0.0391 | 0.8698 |
Table 6 Variance decomposition of the panel error term
Variable | Period | lnIN | lnUR | lnEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
lnIN | 7 | 0.6231 | 0.0468 | 0.3301 |
lnUR | 7 | 0.0993 | 0.2554 | 0.6453 |
lnEC | 7 | 0.1011 | 0.0503 | 0.8486 |
lnIN | 8 | 0.5549 | 0.0448 | 0.4003 |
lnUR | 8 | 0.1027 | 0.2431 | 0.6542 |
lnEC | 8 | 0.0942 | 0.0450 | 0.8608 |
lnIN | 9 | 0.4987 | 0.0442 | 0.4571 |
lnUR | 9 | 0.1084 | 0.2335 | 0.6581 |
lnEC | 9 | 0.0914 | 0.0412 | 0.8673 |
lnIN | 10 | 0.4544 | 0.0452 | 0.5004 |
lnUR | 10 | 0.1146 | 0.2270 | 0.6583 |
lnEC | 10 | 0.0911 | 0.0391 | 0.8698 |
[1] | Balasubramanyam V N, Sanjaya L. 2000. Current issues in development economics (Translated by Liang X M). Beijing: China Tax Publishing House Press, 79-84. (in Chinese) |
[2] | Chen J G, Huang Q H. 2006. Comprehensive evaluation and feature analysis of regional industrialization progress in China. Economic Research, 52(6):4-15. (in Chinese) |
[3] | Cole M A, Neumayer E. 2004. Examining the impact of demographic factors on air pollution. Population and Environment, 26(1):17-21. |
[4] | Denhodnd F. 2000. Industrial ecology: A review. Regional Environmental Change, 2(2):63-83. |
[5] |
Despeisse M, Ball P D, Evans S, et al. 2012. Industrial ecology at factory level: A conceptual model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 31(10):30-39.
DOI URL |
[6] |
Desrochers P. 2002. Cities and industrial symbiosis: Some historical perspectives and policy implications. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 5(4):29-44.
DOI URL |
[7] | Fu Q, Zhuo C F. 2018. Urbanization, industrialization and regional innovation ability—Empirical analysis based on spatial econometrics model. Science and Technology Management Research, 38(1):30-34. (in Chinese) |
[8] | Guo F Y, Tong L J, Liu Z G, et al. 2019. Spatial-temporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of industrial ecology in Shandong Province—Based on the spatial-temporal panel data of prefecture-level cities. Geographical Research, 38(9):2226-2238. (in Chinese) |
[9] | Guo J H, Xu J Y. 2017. Measurement and countermeasure research of the synchronous development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization and agricultural modernization—With Shaanxi as example. Journal of Northwestern University, 105(7):32-39. (in Chinese) |
[10] |
Hauff M V, Wilderer P A. 2008. Industrial ecology: Engineered representation of sustainability. Sustainability Science, 3(1):103-115.
DOI URL |
[11] | Hololtz-Eakin D, Newey W, Rosen H. 1998. Estimating vector auto-regressions with panel data. Econmetrica, 56(6):1371-1395. |
[12] | Hrenfeld J R. 2000. Industrial ecology: Paradigm shift or normal science? The American Behavioral Scientist, 44(2):229-244. |
[13] |
Korhonen J. 2002. Two paths to industrial ecology: Applying the product-based and geographical approaches. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 45(1):39-47.
DOI URL |
[14] | Kuznets S S. 1964. Economic growth and the contribution of agriculture: Notes on measurement. Agriculture in Economic Development, 3(1):102-119. |
[15] |
Li H N, Mu H L. 2011. Analysis on influence factors of China’s CO2 emissions based on path-stirpat model. Energy Policy, 39(1):6906-6911.
DOI URL |
[16] | Li T Z, Wang W W. 2018. Analysis of urbanization, industrialization and population agglomeration in Northeast area based on the PVAR model. Population Journal, 38(6):75-85. (in Chinese) |
[17] |
Liquete C, Zulian G, Delgado I, et al. 2013. Assessment of coastal protection as an ecosystem service in Europe. Ecological Indicators, 30(2):205-217.
DOI URL |
[18] | Lu G Y, Sheng L. 2012. Static and dynamic analysis of the industrial ecology level of China—Empirical research based on the inter-provincial data. China Industrial Economics, 30(3):147-159. (in Chinese) |
[19] | Marx. 1995. Marx and engles anthology (Translated by Compilation and Translation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee). Beijing: People’s Publishing House Press, 217-223. (in Chinese) |
[20] | Mi G. 2014. Research on the urbanization system for rural collective land—From the perspective of integration of urban and rural land use systems. Diss., East China University of Political Science and Law. (in Chinese) |
[21] | Odum H T, Elisabeth C. 2000. Modeling for all scales: An introduction to system simulation. San Diego, USA: Academeic Press, 116-125. |
[22] | Simboli A, Taddeo R, Raggi A. 2017. The multiple dimensions of urban contexts in an industrial ecology perspective: An integrative framework. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 42(1):1-12. |
[23] | Smith A. 1993. Estimating nonlinear time-series models using simulated vector auto-regressions. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 8(1):63-84. |
[24] |
Smith R L, Sengupta D, Takkellapati S, et al. 2015. An industrial ecology approach to municipal solid waste management: Methodology. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 104(5):311-316.
DOI URL |
[25] | Thaker S Y. 1986. Industriallization and economic development. Delhi, India: South Asia Press, 17-21. |
[26] | Wang H B, Li C P. 2012. Measurement and empirical analysis of industrialization level—With Quanzhou City as example. Academic Communication, 28(1):71-75. (in Chinese) |
[27] | Xiong X, Yu X H. 2017. Development of urbanization and industrialization under government leadership and their interactive relationship. Journal of Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, 32(2):100-112. (in Chinese) |
[28] | Ye A Z, Chen T. 2017. Empirical research on the relationship among urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization from the spatial perspective—Based on the semi-parameter spatial panel VAR model. Journal of Soft Science, 31(7):54-60. (in Chinese) |
[29] | Zhang P G. 1984. Agriculture and industrialization. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Sceince & Technology Press, 23-28. (in Chinese) |
[30] | Zhang P G. 1991. General theory of development economics—Industrialization problem of agricultural country. Changsha, China: Hunan Press, 56-60. (in Chinese) |
[1] | TIAN Yuhong, LIU Fenghua, WANG Tiantian. Spatial Distribution of Surface Soil Organic Carbon Density and Related Factors along an Urbanization Gradient in Beijing [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2020, 11(5): 508-515. |
[2] | LU Chunxia, LIU Aimin, XIAO Yu, LIU Xiaojie, XIE Gaodi, CHENG Shengkui. Changes in China’s Grain Production Pattern and the Effects of Urbanization and Dietary Structure [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2020, 11(4): 358-365. |
[3] | WANG Chunyu,SUN Xiaofang,WANG Meng,WANG Junbang,DING Qingfu. Chinese Cropland Quality and Its Temporal and Spatial Changes due to Urbanization in 2000-2015 [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2019, 10(2): 174-183. |
[4] | TIAN Wenju, XU Zheng. Study of Factors Affecting Carbon Emissions— Based on an Empirical Analysis of ASEAN [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2018, 9(5): 500-507. |
[5] | SHI Yuanyuan, MIN Qingwen, HE Lu, FULLER Anthony M.. Agricultural Heritage Systems: A Bridge between Urban and Rural Development [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2016, 7(3): 187-196. |
[6] | LI Jun, DONG Suocheng, LI Zehong, WAN Yongkun, MAO Qiliang, HUANG Yongbing, WANG Fei. A Bibliometric Analysis of Chinese Ecological and Environmental Research on Urbanization [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2014, 5(3): 211-221. |
[7] | LI Wenhua, LIU Moucheng, MIN Qingwen. China’s Ecological Agriculture: Progress and Perspectives [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2011, 2(1): 1-7. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||