Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2020, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (5): 435-442.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.05.001
• Agriculture Ecosystem • Next Articles
Mamattursun EZIZ1,2,*(), Adila HAYRAT1, YANG Xiuyun1
Received:
2019-12-05
Accepted:
2020-05-14
Online:
2020-09-30
Published:
2020-09-30
Contact:
Mamattursun EZIZ
Supported by:
Mamattursun EZIZ, Adila HAYRAT, YANG Xiuyun. Comparison and Analysis of Estimation Methods for Heavy Metal Pollution of Farmland Soils[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2020, 11(5): 435-442.
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URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.05.001
Index | Calculating formula | Characteristics of parameters |
---|---|---|
Pi | Pi = Ci /Bi | Where Ci represents the concentration of element i in the soil sample, and Bi represents the background value of element i |
Igeo | Igeo = log2(Ci /1.5Bi) | Where Ci and Bi are the same as above, and 1.5 represents a background matrix correction factor that includes possible variations of the background values due to lithogenic effects |
EF | EF = (Ci /Cr) /(Bi /Br) | Where Ci and Bi are the same as above, Cr is the concentration of the reference metal, and Br is the background value of the reference elements |
ER | ER = (Ci /Si) × Ti | Where Ci is the same as above, Si is the limit-risk concentration of element i, and Ti is the toxic response factor of element i in the soil sample |
Ier | Ier = (Ci /Si) - 1 | Where Ci and Si are the same as above |
Table 1 The calculating formulas for the Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier Index
Index | Calculating formula | Characteristics of parameters |
---|---|---|
Pi | Pi = Ci /Bi | Where Ci represents the concentration of element i in the soil sample, and Bi represents the background value of element i |
Igeo | Igeo = log2(Ci /1.5Bi) | Where Ci and Bi are the same as above, and 1.5 represents a background matrix correction factor that includes possible variations of the background values due to lithogenic effects |
EF | EF = (Ci /Cr) /(Bi /Br) | Where Ci and Bi are the same as above, Cr is the concentration of the reference metal, and Br is the background value of the reference elements |
ER | ER = (Ci /Si) × Ti | Where Ci is the same as above, Si is the limit-risk concentration of element i, and Ti is the toxic response factor of element i in the soil sample |
Ier | Ier = (Ci /Si) - 1 | Where Ci and Si are the same as above |
Class | Pi | Pollution degree | Igeo | Pollution degree | EF | Pollution degree | ER | Risk degree | Ier | Risk degree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | ≤0.7 | Unpolluted | ≤0 | Unpolluted | ≤2 | Unpolluted | ≤40 | Low risk | ≤0 | Low risk |
Ⅱ | 0.7-1 | Low | 0-1 | Unpolluted to moderately | 2-5 | Low | 40-80 | Moderate risk | 0-1 | Moderate risk |
Ⅲ | 1-2 | Moderately | 1-2 | Moderately | 5-20 | Moderately | 80-160 | Considerable risk | 1-3 | Considerable risk |
Ⅳ | 2-3 | High | 2-3 | Moderately to strongly | 20-40 | High | 160-320 | High risk | 3-5 | High risk |
Ⅴ | > 3 | Extremely | 3-4 | Strongly | > 40 | Extremely | > 320 | Extremely high risk | > 5 | Extremely high risk |
Ⅵ | - | - | 4-5 | Strongly to extremely | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ⅶ | - | - | > 5 | Extremely | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Table 2 Classification of pollution degrees using Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier
Class | Pi | Pollution degree | Igeo | Pollution degree | EF | Pollution degree | ER | Risk degree | Ier | Risk degree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | ≤0.7 | Unpolluted | ≤0 | Unpolluted | ≤2 | Unpolluted | ≤40 | Low risk | ≤0 | Low risk |
Ⅱ | 0.7-1 | Low | 0-1 | Unpolluted to moderately | 2-5 | Low | 40-80 | Moderate risk | 0-1 | Moderate risk |
Ⅲ | 1-2 | Moderately | 1-2 | Moderately | 5-20 | Moderately | 80-160 | Considerable risk | 1-3 | Considerable risk |
Ⅳ | 2-3 | High | 2-3 | Moderately to strongly | 20-40 | High | 160-320 | High risk | 3-5 | High risk |
Ⅴ | > 3 | Extremely | 3-4 | Strongly | > 40 | Extremely | > 320 | Extremely high risk | > 5 | Extremely high risk |
Ⅵ | - | - | 4-5 | Strongly to extremely | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ⅶ | - | - | > 5 | Extremely | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Items | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum (mg kg-1) | 0.52 | 0.05 | 33.68 | 19.45 | 312.82 | 19.45 | 0.99 | 38.99 |
Maximum (mg kg-1) | 28.87 | 0.38 | 123.39 | 73.12 | 789.68 | 55.97 | 96.36 | 434.88 |
Median (mg kg-1) | 4.78 | 0.21 | 53.80 | 30.08 | 501.72 | 33.96 | 37.45 | 73.72 |
Average (mg kg-1) | 6.50 | 0.20 | 55.73 | 30.52 | 503.28 | 34.21 | 41.16 | 89.31 |
Standard deviation (mg kg-1) | 4.22 | 0.06 | 11.63 | 6.22 | 61.76 | 6.77 | 24.16 | 57.80 |
CV | 0.65 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.59 | 0.65 |
Background value (mg kg-1) | 11.20 | 0.12 | 39.60 | 35.80 | 688.00 | 26.40 | 13.50 | 16.80 |
National Standard (GB 15618-2018) (mg kg-1) | 25.00 | 0.60 | 250.00 | 100.00 | - | 190.00 | 170.00 | 300.00 |
Table 3 Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soil samples (n=186)
Items | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum (mg kg-1) | 0.52 | 0.05 | 33.68 | 19.45 | 312.82 | 19.45 | 0.99 | 38.99 |
Maximum (mg kg-1) | 28.87 | 0.38 | 123.39 | 73.12 | 789.68 | 55.97 | 96.36 | 434.88 |
Median (mg kg-1) | 4.78 | 0.21 | 53.80 | 30.08 | 501.72 | 33.96 | 37.45 | 73.72 |
Average (mg kg-1) | 6.50 | 0.20 | 55.73 | 30.52 | 503.28 | 34.21 | 41.16 | 89.31 |
Standard deviation (mg kg-1) | 4.22 | 0.06 | 11.63 | 6.22 | 61.76 | 6.77 | 24.16 | 57.80 |
CV | 0.65 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.59 | 0.65 |
Background value (mg kg-1) | 11.20 | 0.12 | 39.60 | 35.80 | 688.00 | 26.40 | 13.50 | 16.80 |
National Standard (GB 15618-2018) (mg kg-1) | 25.00 | 0.60 | 250.00 | 100.00 | - | 190.00 | 170.00 | 300.00 |
Assessment method | Statistics | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pi | Minimum | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 0.54 | 0.74 | 0.07 | 2.32 |
Maximum | 2.58 | 3.17 | 3.12 | 2.04 | 2.12 | 7.14 | 25.89 | |
Average | 0.54 | 1.67 | 1.41 | 0.85 | 1.30 | 3.05 | 5.32 | |
Igeo | Minimum | -5.00 | -1.85 | -0.82 | -1.47 | -1.03 | -4.35 | 0.63 |
Maximum | 0.78 | 1.08 | 1.05 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 2.25 | 4.11 | |
Average | -1.76 | 0.07 | -0.12 | -0.84 | -0.24 | 0.64 | 1.67 | |
EF | Minimum | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.96 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 3.81 |
Maximum | 4.16 | 4.19 | 3.80 | 3.10 | 3.25 | 11.53 | 30.75 | |
Average | 0.74 | 2.30 | 1.93 | 1.17 | 1.78 | 4.21 | 7.27 | |
ER | Minimum | 0.21 | 2.50 | 0.27 | 0.97 | 0.51 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
Maximum | 11.55 | 19.0 | 0.99 | 3.66 | 1.47 | 2.83 | 1.45 | |
Average | 2.42 | 10.04 | 0.45 | 1.53 | 0.90 | 1.21 | 0.30 | |
Ier | Minimum | -0.98 | -0.92 | -0.87 | -0.81 | -0.90 | -0.99 | -0.87 |
Maximum | 0.15 | -0.37 | -0.51 | -0.27 | -0.71 | -0.43 | 0.45 | |
Average | -0.76 | -0.67 | -0.78 | -0.69 | -0.82 | -0.76 | -0.70 |
Table 4 Statistics of Pi, Igeo, EF, ER, and Ier values of heavy metals in farmland soils in the study area
Assessment method | Statistics | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pi | Minimum | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 0.54 | 0.74 | 0.07 | 2.32 |
Maximum | 2.58 | 3.17 | 3.12 | 2.04 | 2.12 | 7.14 | 25.89 | |
Average | 0.54 | 1.67 | 1.41 | 0.85 | 1.30 | 3.05 | 5.32 | |
Igeo | Minimum | -5.00 | -1.85 | -0.82 | -1.47 | -1.03 | -4.35 | 0.63 |
Maximum | 0.78 | 1.08 | 1.05 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 2.25 | 4.11 | |
Average | -1.76 | 0.07 | -0.12 | -0.84 | -0.24 | 0.64 | 1.67 | |
EF | Minimum | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.96 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 3.81 |
Maximum | 4.16 | 4.19 | 3.80 | 3.10 | 3.25 | 11.53 | 30.75 | |
Average | 0.74 | 2.30 | 1.93 | 1.17 | 1.78 | 4.21 | 7.27 | |
ER | Minimum | 0.21 | 2.50 | 0.27 | 0.97 | 0.51 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
Maximum | 11.55 | 19.0 | 0.99 | 3.66 | 1.47 | 2.83 | 1.45 | |
Average | 2.42 | 10.04 | 0.45 | 1.53 | 0.90 | 1.21 | 0.30 | |
Ier | Minimum | -0.98 | -0.92 | -0.87 | -0.81 | -0.90 | -0.99 | -0.87 |
Maximum | 0.15 | -0.37 | -0.51 | -0.27 | -0.71 | -0.43 | 0.45 | |
Average | -0.76 | -0.67 | -0.78 | -0.69 | -0.82 | -0.76 | -0.70 |
Assessing method | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pi | Ⅰ | Ⅲ | Ⅲ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅴ | Ⅴ |
Igeo | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ |
EF | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ |
ER | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ |
Ier | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ |
Table 5 Pollution grades of each element with different assessment methods
Assessing method | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pi | Ⅰ | Ⅲ | Ⅲ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅴ | Ⅴ |
Igeo | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ |
EF | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ |
ER | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ |
Ier | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ | Ⅰ |
Assessing method | Order |
---|---|
Pi | Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As |
Igeo | Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As |
EF | Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As |
ER | Cd > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn |
Ier | Cd > Cu > Zn > As = Pb > Cr > Ni |
Table 6 Decreasing order of heavy metal pollution
Assessing method | Order |
---|---|
Pi | Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As |
Igeo | Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As |
EF | Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As |
ER | Cd > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn |
Ier | Cd > Cu > Zn > As = Pb > Cr > Ni |
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