Comparison on Eco-compensation between the Domestic and International Studies

doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2018.04.006

Abstract

Abstract: Because it offers an effective means to alleviate current ecological problems and a way to coordinate sustainable economic and social development with protection of the environment, eco-compensation has become a subject of interest to scholars and governments all over the world. A great many studies have been carried out and eco-compensation schemes have been put into practice; there have been many fruitful results. Based on a review of related research and practices, this paper attempts first to discuss domestic and international eco-compensation research and practices in terms of the meaning of eco-compensation and its components (stakeholders, compensation criteria, compensation modes, compensation approaches, compensation funds, and compensation effects). Next, taking into consideration the above discussion, the paper looks at the differences between Chinese and international eco-compensation measures. Finally, existing problems with eco-compensation research and practices in China are summarized and some suggestions are put forward.

Key words: compensation cases, compensation connotation, compensation factors, eco-compensation mechanism

LIU Guihuan, MA Ya, WEN Yihui, ZHU Yuanyuan, XIE Jing. Comparison on Eco-compensation between the Domestic and International Studies[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2018, 9(4): 382-394.

References

[1] Alarcon G G, A C Fantini, C H Salvador, et al.2017. Additionality is in detail: Farmers’ choices regarding payment for ecosystem services programs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil. Journal of Rural Studies, 54: 177-186.
[2] Aradottir A L, D Hagen.2013. Chapter Three - Ecological Restoration: Approaches and Impacts on Vegetation, Soils and Society. Advances in Agronomy, 120: 173-222.
[3] Banerjee S, T N Cason, F P de Vries,et al.2017. Transaction costs, communication and spatial coordination in Payment for Ecosystem Services Schemes. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 83: 68-89.
[4] Bennett D E, H Gosnell.2015. Integrating multiple perspectives on payments for ecosystem services through a social-ecosystems framework. Ecological Economics, 116: 172-181.
[5] Brady M, C Sahrbacher, K Kellermann, et al.2012. An Agent-based Approach to Modeling Impacts of Agricultural Policy on Land Use, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Landscape Ecology, 27(9): 63-81.
[6] Bremer L L, K A Farley, O A Chadwick, et al.2016. Changes in carbon storage with land management promoted by payment for ecosystem services. Environmental Conservation, 43(4): 397-406.
[7] Caro-Borrero A, E Corbera, C K Neitzel, et al.2015. “We are the city lungs”: Payments for ecosystem services in the outskirts of Mexico City. Land Use Policy, 43: 138-148.
[8] Chen D H, Y L An.2014. Aplicability study of government-led ecological Compensation Mode in Chishui River Basin of Guizhou Province. Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, 12(3): 173-177. (in Chinese)
[9] Coq J F L, Froger G, Pesche D, et al.2015. Understanding the governance of the PES Programme in Costa Rica: A policy process perspective. Ecosystem Services, 16: 253-265.
[10] Dai Q W.2014. Research on the eco-compensation standards and modes: taking Maoershan National Nature Reserve of Guangxi Province as an example. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 34 (17): 5114-5123. (in Chinese)
[11] Delondt F, E Green.2006. Diving user fees and the financial sustainable of marine protected areas: Opportunities and impediment. Ocean and Coastal Management, 49(4): 188-202.
[12] Deng Y J, R Xiao, L D Yan.2015. Research on the Evaluation of Ecological Compensation Policies of Green Agricultural Producing Areas: a Case in Dongxihu District in Wuhan. Chinese Population, Resources and Environment, 25(1): 120-126. (in Chinese)
[13] Ding J M, X Li, Q Wen.2017.Research of the Impact of the Ecological Compensation Modes on Livelihood of Farmers in Energy Developmental Area: A Case Study in Yulin City. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 33(6): 80-86. (in Chinese)
[14] Du W P.2001. Suggestions on How to Improve the Eco-Compensation Mechanism in the Western Region. China Population, Resources and Environment, 11(3): 119-120. (in Chinese)
[15] Elliott M, N D Cutts.2004. Marine habitat:Loss and gain, mitigation and compensation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49(9-10): 671-674.
[16] Engel S, S Pagiola, S Wunder.2008. Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues. Ecological Economics, 65(4): 663-674.
[17] Ezzine-de-Blas D, S Wunder, M Ruiz-Pérez,et al.2016. Global patterns in the implementation of payments for environmental services. PloS one, 11(3): p.e0149847.
[18] Fan S J.2012. Analysis on the Related Issues of Forest Eco-Compensation. Economic Review, (12): 27-29. (in Chinese)
[19] GAO W J, X S Shi.2015. Research on Basin Ecological Compensation Modes of Government Leadership and Hematopoiesis. Future and Development, (8): 15-17. (in Chinese)
[20] Geng X Y, Y X Ge, H N Zhang.2018. Study on ecological compensation standard of watershed based on reset cost. China population, resources and environment, 28(1): 140-147. (in Chinese)
[21] Han P, H Q Huang, L Zhen, et al.2012. A Study on Eco-Compensation Modes for Ecologically Fragile Regions Based on Farmer's Willingness to Accept Eco-Compensation:The Case of Eco-Compensation for Poyang Lake Wetland Restoration. Journal of Natural Resources, 27(4): 625-642. (in Chinese)
[22] Hong S Q, P J Ma, H G Guo.2001. Exploration on Eco-Compensation Institution. Environmental Science & Technology, 24(5): 40-43. (in Chinese)
[23] Hu R, S Yan.2016. On Optimal Mode of Valley Ecological Compensation:Based on Evolutionary Game Theory. Journal of Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, 2016(3): 3-11. (in Chinese)
[24] Hu X F, Y Zou, C Fu.2017. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of the Ecological Compensation Criterion in Jiangxi Province China base on Carbon footprint. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 28(2): 493-499. (in Chinese)
[25] Kosoy N, M Martinez-Tuna, R Muradian, et al.2007. Payments for environmental services in watersheds: Insights from a comparative study of three cases in Central America. Ecological Economics, 61(2-3): 446- 455.
[26] Kroeger T.2013. The quest for the “optimal” PES program: Ambition meets reality, with useful lessons. Forest Policy & Economics, 37: 65-74.
[27] Lai L, X J Huang, W L Liu.2008. Advances in theory and methodology of ecological compensation. Acta Ecologica Sinica 28(6): 2870-2877. (in Chinese)
[28] Lai M, S H Wu, Y H Yin, et al. 2015. Accounting for Eco-compensation in the Three-River Headwaters Region Based on Ecosystem Service Value. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 35(2): 227-236.(in Chinese)
[29] Lalika M C S, P Meire, Y M Ngaga, et al. 2017. Willingness to pay for watershed conservation: are we applying the right paradigm? Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 17(1): 33-45.
[30] Levrel H, S Pioch, R Spieler.2012. Compensatory mitigation in marine ecosystems: Which indicators for assessing the “no net loss” goal of ecosystem services and ecological functions? Marine Policy, 36(6): 1202-1210.
[31] Li J M, X Yang.2015. Review on Marine Eco-Compensation. Ocean Development and Management, 32(8): 85-91. (in Chinese)
[32] Li J.2017. Ecological Compensation for Stakeholder Involved in Source Water Protection: A Case Study in Xi’an Heihe Water Source. Econmic Research Guide, 318(4): 152-154. (in Chinese)
[33] Li N.2011. Returning Land for Farming to Forestry in the Ecological Compensation and the Compensation of Fund Raising. Beijing Agriculture, (6): 197-199. (in Chinese)
[34] Li W H, B Zhang, G D Xie.2009. Research on ecosystem services in china progress and perspectives. Journal of Natural Resources, 24(1): 1-10. (in Chinese)
[35] Liu M C, Y Xiong, Y Y Bai, et al.2017. Ecological compensation standard for the Hani Rice Terrace System:an eco-functional-oriented improvement. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37(7): 2447-2454. (in Chinese)
[36] Liu X Y, W J Yao, Y You.2017. Research on the Logical Framework of Grassland Eco-Compensation Performance Evaluation in Northwest Pastoral Area. Ecology and Economics (Chinese Edition), 33(1): 133-137. (in Chinese)
[37] Liu Y C, X L Zhang.2018. A Study on the Herdsmen's Choice of Grassland Ecological Compensation Mode. Ecological Economy, 34(1): 197-201. (in Chinese)
[38] Liu Z G, Z Liu, W F Wei.2016. The Concept and Theoretical Problems of Wetland Ecological Compensation. Ecological Economy (Chinese Edition), 32(2): 186-189. (in Chinese)
[39] Ma Q H.2015. Research on evaluation methods and case studies for watershed ecological compensation [D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University. (in Chinese)
[40] Mayrand K, M Paquin.2004. Payments for environmental services:A survey and assessment of current schemes. Montreal:Unisféra International Center (for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America).
[41] Muñoz-Piña C, A Guevara, J M Torres, et al.2008. Paying for the hydrological services of Mexico’s forests: analysis, negotiations and results. Ecological Economics, 65(4): 725-736.
[42] Muradian R, E Corbera, U Pascual, et al.2010. Reconciling theory and practice: An alternative conceptual framework for understanding payments for environmental services. Ecological Economics, 69(6): 1202- 1208.
[43] Nishino N, K Akai, H Tamura.2014. Product Differentiation and Consumer’'s Purchase Decision-making under Carbon Footprint Scheme. Procedia Cirp, 16: 116-121.
[44] Ouyang Z Y, H Zheng, P Yue.2013. Establishment of ecological compensation mechanisms in China: perspectives and strategies. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(3): 686-692. (in Chinese)
[45] Pagiola S S, G G Platais.2007. Payments for Environmental Services: From Theory to Practice. World Bank, Washington.
[46] Pagiola S.2008. Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica. Ecological Economics, 65(4): 712-724.
[47] Pirard R.2012. Payments for Environmental Services (PES) in the public policy landscape: “Mandatory” spices in the Indonesian recipe. Forest Policy & Economics, 18(8): 23-29.
[48] Porras I, J Dengel, B Aylward.2012. Monitoring and evaluation of payment for watershed service schemes in developing countries. Paper Read at the 14th Annual BioEcon Conference on “Resource Economics, Biodiversity Conservation and Development”.
[49] Qiao X N, Y J Yang, D G Yang.2012. Review of Payments for Ecosystem Services and the Key Issues in a Watershed. Progress in Geography, 31(4): 395-402. (in Chinese)
[50] Rai R K, M Nepal, L D Bhatta, et al.2017. Ensuring Water Availability to Water Users through Incentive Payment for Ecosystem Services Scheme: A Case Study in a Small Hilly Town of Nepal. Water Economics and Policy, p.1850002,On Line.
[51] Ren Y, D F Feng, H Yu. 2008. Framework Design of the Eco-Compensation Theory and Policy in China. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press. (in Chinese)
[52] Research Group of China Eco-Compensation Mechanism and Policy. 2007. Research on the Eco-Compensation Mechanism and Policy in China. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
[53] Richards R C, C J, T E Lovejoy, et al.2017. Considering farmer land use decisions in efforts to ‘scale up’ Payments for WKennedy atershed Services. Ecosystem Services, 23: 238-247.
[54] Rodríguez-de-Francisco J C, J Budds.2015. Payments for environmental services and control over conservation of natural resources: The role of public and private sectors in the conservation of the Nima watershed, Colombia. Ecological Economics, 117: 295-302.
[55] Rojahn A, S Engel, 2005. Direct payments for biodiversity conservation, watershed protection and carbon sequestration: contract theory and empirical evidence. Institute for Environmental Decisions, Chair of Environmental Policy and Economics. ETH, Zurich.
[56] Ross C T.2016. Sliding-scale environmental service payments and non-financial incentives: Results of a survey of landowner interest in Costa Rica. Ecological Economics, 130: 252-262.
[57] Sommerville M M, J P G Jones, E J Milner-Gulland.2009. A revised conceptual framework for payments for environmental services.Ecology and Society, 14(2): 34.
[58] Steven M.2010. User fees as sustainable financing mechanisms for marine protected areas:An application to the Bonaire National Marine Park. Marine Policy, 34(1): 63-69.
[59] Sun Y.2006. Exploration on How to Establish the Eco-Compensation Mechanism in China, an Interview with Li Wenhua, Academician of the CAE. Environmental Protection, 2006(10): 4-8. (in Chinese)
[60] Swallow B M, M F Kallesoe, U A Iftikhar,et al.2009. Compensation and rewards for environmental services in the developing world: framing pan-tropical analysis and comparison.Ecology and Society, 14(2): 26.
[61] Tacconi L.2012. Redefining payments for environmental services. Ecological Economics, 73: 29-36.
[62] Tang P P, X L Le, Y Y Hu.2018. The Construction and Application of Ecological Compensation Performance Evaluation System in Water Source Area: Based on Empirical Analysis of Hanjiang Water Source Area in Middle Route of the South-North Water Transfer Project. Ecological Economy, 34(2): 170-174. (in Chinese)
[63] Thang T N, D T Duong.2017. Chapter 13-PES in Lam Dong and Local Forest Governance. Redefining Diversity & Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, 189-204.
[64] Tian Y X, Dai Y.2016. Study on the Performance Evaluation of Basin Eco-Compensation Mechanism -- a Case Study of Xiang River. Business, 2016(28): 104-105. (in Chinese)
[65] Van Noordwijk M, B Leimona, L Emerton,et al.2007. Criteria and indicators for environmental service reward and compensation mechanisms: realistic, voluntary, conditional and pro-poor. CRESScoping Study-Issues Paper #2, ICRAF Working Paper #37. World Agroforestry Center, Nairobi.
[66] Wang B B, Y Wang, Y X Ge, et al.2009. Study on the Basin Eco-Compensation Mode and How to Select. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University (Social Science Edition), 11(1): 45-50. (in Chinese)
[67] Wang J F, C B Hou.2013. Study on Implementation Framework and Compensation Pattern of Basin Ecological Compensation Mechanism in China: From the Perspective of Compensation Funds Source. Chinese Population Resources and Environment, 23(2): 23-29. (in Chinese)
[68] Wang J N, J Wan, H Y Zhang.2006. Some Views of Eco-Compensation and Policies in China. Environmental Protection, 2006(10): 24-28. (in Chinese)
[69] Wang Q Y, Y S Ma.2014. Discussion on Wetland Ecological Compensation Modes. Forest Resources Management, 2014(3): 27-32. (in Chinese)
[70] Wang Y J,B G Xie, X Q Li,et al. 2016. Ecological compensation standards and compensation methods of public welfare forest protected area. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 27(6): 1893-1900. (in Chinese)
[71] Wood M A, R Sheridan, R A Feagin, et al.2017. Comparison of land use change in payments for environmental services and National Biological Corridor Programs. Land Use Policy, 63: 440-449.
[72] Wu N, X Y Song, W H kang, et al.2018. Standard of payment for ecosystem services in a watershed based on INVEST model under different standpoints: a case study of the Weihe River in Gansu Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 38(7): 1-11. (in Chinese)
[73] Wu S R, Y L Gu.2009. Practice of international forest ecological compensation and effect evaluation. World Forestry Research, 22(4): 11-16. (in Chinese)
[74] Wunder S, M Albán.2008. Decentralized payments for environmental services: the cases of Pimampiro and PROFAFOR in Ecuador. Ecological Economics, 65(4): 685-698.
[75] Wunder S.2005. Payments for environmental services: Some nuts and bolts. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
[76] Wunder S.2015. Revisiting the concept of payments for environmental services. Ecological Economics, 117: 234-243.
[77] Xiao J H, S J Chen, Q D Yu, et al.2012. Ecological Compensation Standard for Zhaoshi water conservancy project based on River Ecosystem Services. Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin, 21(5): 611- 617. (in Chinese)
[78] Xiao J W, L Yu, W Chen, et al.2017. Hunan Regional Ecological Compensation Accounting Based on the Method of Ecological Footprint. Journal of Central South University of Forestry and Technology (Social Sciences), 11(1): 27-33. (in Chinese)
[79] Xie H L, L J Cheng. 2017. Influence Factors and Ecological Compensation Standard of Winter Wheat-fallow in the Groundwater Funnel Area.Journal of Natural Resources, 32(12): 2012-2022. (in Chinese)
[80] Xu D W, B Li.2015. Research on Regional Ecological Compensation Performance Appraisal Based on Propensity Score Analysis. China Population, Resources and Environment, 25(3): 34-42. (in Chinese)
[81] Yang G M, W H Li, Q W Min.2006. Review of foreign opinions on evaluation of ecosystem services. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26(6): 205- 212. (in Chinese)
[82] Yang G S, J S Huang, J Li, et al.2016. Study on ecological compensation standard of green water management based on SWAT model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 47(6): 809-815. (in Chinese)
[83] Yang Y, Q L Zhang, Y M Hu.2017.Review of the Study on Consequences of Payment for Ecological Services:Constructing a Research Framework for Micro-effect Evaluation. Journal of Xiamen Unicersity (Arts﹠Social Sciences), 239(1): 33-40. (in Chinese)
[84] Zhang C Q.1987. Discussion on the Paid Use of Renewable Resources. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 8(5): 22-24. (in Chinese)
[85] Zhang D.2016. Payments for forest-based environmental services: A close look. Forest Policy & Economics, 72: 78-84.
[86] Zhang J, J Xu. 2011. Study on the optimize model for river basin ecological compensation mode.Systems Engineering Theory and Practice, 31(10): 2027-2032. (in Chinese)
[87] Zhang S X, H C Lin, W Fang,et al. 2015. Study on the system of assessing value of eco-compensation mechanisms. Resources Science, 37(10): 1912-1919. (in Chinese)
[88] Zhang T, J H Cheng.2017. Performance Evaluation of Ecological Compensation in Key Ecological Function Areas in Hubei Province. Natural Resource Economics of China, 30(354): 37-41. (in Chinese)
[89] Zhou C, X H Ding, G P Li, et al. 2015. Ecological compensation standards in the water source area of the middle route project of the South-North water transfer project, Resources Science, 37(4): 792-804.(in Chinese)
[90] Zhou D J, W J Dong, L Y Sun, et al.2005. Ecological Compensation in Management of Water Resources of the River Basins. Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences), (4): 131-135. (in Chinese)
[91] Zolin C A, M V Folegatti, R Mingoti,et al.2014. The first Brazilian municipal initiative of payments for environmental services and its potential for soil conservation. Agricultural Water Management, 137(1): 75-83.