Journal of Resources and Ecology ›› 2019, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (6): 685-691.DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.06.014
• Resources and Environment • Previous Articles Next Articles
XIONG Chenran1,2, WANG Limao1,2,*(), YANG Chengjia3, QU Qiushi1,2, XIANG Ning1,2
Received:
2019-04-23
Accepted:
2019-07-09
Online:
2019-11-30
Published:
2019-12-09
Contact:
WANG Limao
Supported by:
XIONG Chenran, WANG Limao, YANG Chengjia, QU Qiushi, XIANG Ning. Measuring the Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions in Laos[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2019, 10(6): 685-691.
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URL: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.06.014
Year | Per capita GDP (US$) | Per capita FDI (US$) | Per capita CO2 emissions (tons) |
---|---|---|---|
1981-1985 | 2493.59 | 12.03 | 4.06 |
1986-1990 | 3596.67 | 29.28 | 4.20 |
1991-1995 | 4674.34 | 38.61 | 4.09 |
1996-2000 | 5205.36 | 126.37 | 4.08 |
2001-2005 | 6023.82 | 126.96 | 4.30 |
2006-2010 | 8579.57 | 265.76 | 4.75 |
2011-2015 | 9984.41 | 415.84 | 4.98 |
Year | Per capita GDP (US$) | Per capita FDI (US$) | Per capita CO2 emissions (tons) |
---|---|---|---|
1981-1985 | 2493.59 | 12.03 | 4.06 |
1986-1990 | 3596.67 | 29.28 | 4.20 |
1991-1995 | 4674.34 | 38.61 | 4.09 |
1996-2000 | 5205.36 | 126.37 | 4.08 |
2001-2005 | 6023.82 | 126.96 | 4.30 |
2006-2010 | 8579.57 | 265.76 | 4.75 |
2011-2015 | 9984.41 | 415.84 | 4.98 |
Variable | Symbol | Definition | Unit | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon emissions | CO2 | CO2 emissions from fossil fuels | Kiloton | World Bank |
Foreign direct investment | FDI | FDI inward stock | Millions of dollars | UNCTAD |
Per capita GDP | PCGDP | GDP to Population | USD | World Bank |
Industrial structure | IS | Share of industrial sectors covering GDP | % | the ASEAN Secretariat |
Variable | Symbol | Definition | Unit | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon emissions | CO2 | CO2 emissions from fossil fuels | Kiloton | World Bank |
Foreign direct investment | FDI | FDI inward stock | Millions of dollars | UNCTAD |
Per capita GDP | PCGDP | GDP to Population | USD | World Bank |
Industrial structure | IS | Share of industrial sectors covering GDP | % | the ASEAN Secretariat |
lnCO2 | lnFDI | lnPCGDP | lnIS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 6.777592 | 6.422771 | 6.720911 | 3.177491 |
Median | 6.927747 | 6.446374 | 6.660189 | 3.175600 |
Maximum | 7.701083 | 8.788746 | 7.461870 | 3.558201 |
Minimun | 5.359836 | 2.564949 | 6.135565 | 2.667228 |
Std.dev. | 0.747343 | 1.634706 | 0.416619 | 0.231562 |
Skewness | -0.679633 | -0.780247 | 0.261508 | -0.343778 |
Kurtosis | 2.141819 | 3.060081 | 1.825126 | 2.314039 |
Jarque-Bera | 3.014756 | 2.845212 | 1.929521 | 1.100489 |
Probability | 0.221490 | 0.241085 | 0.381075 | 0.576809 |
lnCO2 | lnFDI | lnPCGDP | lnIS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 6.777592 | 6.422771 | 6.720911 | 3.177491 |
Median | 6.927747 | 6.446374 | 6.660189 | 3.175600 |
Maximum | 7.701083 | 8.788746 | 7.461870 | 3.558201 |
Minimun | 5.359836 | 2.564949 | 6.135565 | 2.667228 |
Std.dev. | 0.747343 | 1.634706 | 0.416619 | 0.231562 |
Skewness | -0.679633 | -0.780247 | 0.261508 | -0.343778 |
Kurtosis | 2.141819 | 3.060081 | 1.825126 | 2.314039 |
Jarque-Bera | 3.014756 | 2.845212 | 1.929521 | 1.100489 |
Probability | 0.221490 | 0.241085 | 0.381075 | 0.576809 |
Variables | Type (C,T,K) | ADF value | Critical values | Test result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1% | 5% | 10% | ||||
lnCO2 | (C,0,0) | 2.375 | -2.653 | -1.954 | -1.610 | unstable |
lnFDI | (C,0,1) | 1.010 | -2.657 | -1.954 | -1.609 | unstable |
(lnFDI)2 | (C,T,1) | -2.697 | -4.356 | -3.595 | -3.233 | unstable |
lnPCGDP | (C,T,0) | -2.257 | -4.339 | -3.587 | -3.229 | unstable |
lnIS | (C,T,1) | -3.084 | -4.356 | -3.595 | -3.233 | unstable |
DlnCO2 | (C,0,0) | -4.067 | -2.657 | -1.954 | -1.609 | stable |
DlnFDI | (C,0,0) | -1.848 | -2.656 | -1.844 | -1.609 | stable |
D(lnFDI)2 | (C,T,0) | -2.868 | -3.711 | -2.861 | -2.629 | stable |
DlnPCGDP | (C,T,0) | -4.364 | -4.356 | -3.595 | -3.233 | stable |
DlnIS | (C,T,1) | -4.861 | -4.374 | -3.603 | -3.238 | stable |
Variables | Type (C,T,K) | ADF value | Critical values | Test result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1% | 5% | 10% | ||||
lnCO2 | (C,0,0) | 2.375 | -2.653 | -1.954 | -1.610 | unstable |
lnFDI | (C,0,1) | 1.010 | -2.657 | -1.954 | -1.609 | unstable |
(lnFDI)2 | (C,T,1) | -2.697 | -4.356 | -3.595 | -3.233 | unstable |
lnPCGDP | (C,T,0) | -2.257 | -4.339 | -3.587 | -3.229 | unstable |
lnIS | (C,T,1) | -3.084 | -4.356 | -3.595 | -3.233 | unstable |
DlnCO2 | (C,0,0) | -4.067 | -2.657 | -1.954 | -1.609 | stable |
DlnFDI | (C,0,0) | -1.848 | -2.656 | -1.844 | -1.609 | stable |
D(lnFDI)2 | (C,T,0) | -2.868 | -3.711 | -2.861 | -2.629 | stable |
DlnPCGDP | (C,T,0) | -4.364 | -4.356 | -3.595 | -3.233 | stable |
DlnIS | (C,T,1) | -4.861 | -4.374 | -3.603 | -3.238 | stable |
No. of Eqn(s) | Eigenvalue | Trace statistic | 5% critical value | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
None* | 0.820 | 116.592 | 69.819 | 0.000 |
At most 1* | 0.688 | 71.994 | 47.856 | 0.000 |
At most 2* | 0.614 | 41.682 | 29.797 | 0.001 |
At most 3* | 0.435 | 16.933 | 15.495 | 0.030 |
At most 4 | 0.077 | 2.077 | 3.841 | 0.150 |
No. of Eqn(s) | Eigenvalue | Trace statistic | 5% critical value | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
None* | 0.820 | 116.592 | 69.819 | 0.000 |
At most 1* | 0.688 | 71.994 | 47.856 | 0.000 |
At most 2* | 0.614 | 41.682 | 29.797 | 0.001 |
At most 3* | 0.435 | 16.933 | 15.495 | 0.030 |
At most 4 | 0.077 | 2.077 | 3.841 | 0.150 |
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