Consumption of Ecosystem Services in Laos

doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2019.06.009

Abstract

Abstract:

The exponential increase of ecosystem utilization has instigated a serious conflict between ecosystem services and residents’ needs. The Belt and Road Initiative has greatly influenced Laotian production and living, and the scientific assessment of the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos is important for exploring residents’ influence on the ecosystem. Based on data for the Laotian consumption of agricultural products, fruits and livestock products during 1961-2013, normalized by either harvest index or feed conversion ratio, this study draws three main conclusions. 1) Ecosystem service consumption in Laos is centered on the consumption of farmland, forestry and grassland ecosystem services, which account for over 80%, over 10% and under 2%, showing downward, upward and constant trends, respectively. The consumption of these ecosystem services shows a trend of increasing first, then fluctuating, and finally increasing. 2) The consumption of ecosystem services in Laos was characterized by the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” from 1961 to 2008, and the mode of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services” from 2008 to 2013, with a trend of transformation from the former into the latter. 3) The formation and change in the consumption mode of Laotian ecosystem services have been affected by both supply and trade. Laos developed agriculture mainly during the period from 1961 to 2008, forming the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services”. This development benefited from the enriched varieties of imports as well as the increased value of trade and import volume. However, the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos after 2008 changed from the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” to one of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services”. This study provides an empirical reference for research on the consumption of ecosystem services.

Key words: ecosystem services, consumption, characteristics, mode, variations

LIANG Yihang, ZHEN Lin, JIA Mengmeng, HU Yunfeng, ZHANG Changshun, LUO Qi. Consumption of Ecosystem Services in Laos[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2019, 10(6): 641-648.

Figures/Tables 3

References 30

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Crop type	Harvest index*	Livestock products	Feed conversion ratio*
Rice	0.50	Beef	2 : 1
Maize	0.49	Pork	3 : 1
Wheat	0.46	Poultry	2 : 1
Potato	0.59	Milk	0.3 : 1
Other tubers	0.67	Egg	2.2 : 1
Sugar cane	0.70
Bean	0.42
Peanut	0.50
Sesame	0.34
Vegetables	0.49
Orange	0.49
Banana	0.49
Pineapple	0.49
Other fruits	0.49

Crop type	Harvest index*	Livestock products	Feed conversion ratio*
Rice	0.50	Beef	2 : 1
Maize	0.49	Pork	3 : 1
Wheat	0.46	Poultry	2 : 1
Potato	0.59	Milk	0.3 : 1
Other tubers	0.67	Egg	2.2 : 1
Sugar cane	0.70
Bean	0.42
Peanut	0.50
Sesame	0.34
Vegetables	0.49
Orange	0.49
Banana	0.49
Pineapple	0.49
Other fruits	0.49

	Import & export volume of agricultural products			Import & export volume of livestock products
Year	Import	Export	Balance of trade	Import	Export	Balance of trade
2010	48717	1729910	1681194	160	0	-160
2011	44282	369475	325192	172	0	-172
2012	8765	437738	428973	2189	0	-2189
2013	23903	649229	625327	150	4	-145
2014	29578	391428	361850	179	0	-179
2015	34063	636441	602377	182	0	-182
2016	303663	522677	219014	279	0	-279

	Import & export volume of agricultural products			Import & export volume of livestock products
Year	Import	Export	Balance of trade	Import	Export	Balance of trade
2010	48717	1729910	1681194	160	0	-160
2011	44282	369475	325192	172	0	-172
2012	8765	437738	428973	2189	0	-2189
2013	23903	649229	625327	150	4	-145
2014	29578	391428	361850	179	0	-179
2015	34063	636441	602377	182	0	-182
2016	303663	522677	219014	279	0	-279

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