Urban air pollution is produced in the process of all kinds of human activities such as industrial production, living and traffic. Rapid urbanization processes result in the increasing of the kinds and concentration of the pollutants in the air of built-up area. By taking streets and towns as the basic spatial analysis unit, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, ozone nitrogen dioxide and some factors influencing urban air pollutions in Hangzhou such as population density, percentage of road area,built-up area,surface temperature and NDVI are mapped and computed based on ordinary kriging, GIS and RS in this paper. The relativity between the concentration of three pollutants and their influencing factors are quantitatively evaluated by integrating spatial correlation analysis, and the characteristics are obtained by overlay of the ranked data layers. The results show that in downtown (including Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Gongshu), Xihu and Jianggan, the spatial relativity between three air pollutiants and their impact factors have spatial heterogeneity. Among the three pollutions, the spatial distributiants of NO2 is firstly influenced by the distribution of impact factors; SO2 is secondly, and O3 is thirdly. The overall degree of air pollution outdoor in Hangzhou is the highest in downtown and the lowest in Xihu. The strong spatial heterogeneity is the main characteristic of the distribution of the air pollutants in the built-up area.The two main aims of the quantitative analysis on spatial distribution of urban air pollutions and their influence from other factors are to provide the scientific basis for establishing pertinently the reasonable countermeasures to mitigate urban air pollution and putting forward the effective measures for the prevention and control of air pollution.
Schistosome transmission index can be directly used to give an overall evaluation and prediction of Schistosomiasis transmission through mathamatical model. Proposal was made to modify the Adapted Malone Schistosome Transmission Index model by extreme temperature based on Schistosomiasis transmission mechanism.A Re-adapted Malone Schistosome transmission index model was established in light of previous work by Hong Qingbiao. Meteorological data from FAO and Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS were used to calculate the transmission index in Schistosomiasis epidemic region of China by new model, and the result was re-classified into transmission index by category classes.The new model changed the "middle" class of transmission index into "low" or "very low" classes in the regions of south Henan province,north Anhui province and middle Jiangsu province by transmission index of 900. The boundary between epidemic and non-epidemic regions was found by chance to coincide with January -2℃ isotherm in eastern China. The underpinned cause needs to be explored further in the future. Finally the study revealed that, as a meteorological model, the calculation result of the model has some differences from actual epidemiology because more factors of relevance need to be added in the transmission process model.It also discussed a few questions remaining in the model calculation and future improvement directions of the model.
On the basis of field research conducted on the basic work,the quadrat method and the mathematical statistics method were used to investigate the species composition and characteristics of the Pinus taiwanensis community species in Tianzhu Mountain area of Anhui. In this paper,the species diversity of plant communities in Tianzhu Mountain area was analyzed by factor analysis method, expert assessment method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Then based on the improved adjustment method of the Gehlbach's plant communities protection value,with the integration of qualitative and quantitative way,this experiment expatiated the importance and protective value of the Pinus taiwanensis community in Tianzhu Mountain area. The results are as follows. The composition of the Pinus taiwanensis community is complicated in Tianzhu Mountain area,whose main compositions are Compositae,Fagaceae,Rosaceae,Pinaceae,Lauraceae, Ericaceae,Liliaceae,Poaceae and so on. The species composition of this flora has a dispersing composition. There are 105 genera in 52 families in this area, among which gymnosperm comprises 74 genera and 46 families. The flora composition contains nine distribution types of seed plants separated by the distribution areas. It also has obvious transition characteristics from north subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest to the warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. The floristic elements here are also complex. There are so many floristic elements here that the Shannon-Wiener indexes of tree layer,shrub layer,and the herbaceous layer are 1.9814,2.3175 and 2.1077 respectively. The community succession of Pinus taiwanensis which has various functions is in turn. But with the influence of human activities, the relative density and the degree of dominance of the trees layer were raised,but the index of diversity was declined. For its diverse species and obvious progressive succession characteristic,the Pinus taiwanensis community in Tianzhu Mountain has high value of conservation.
This paper discussed the principles and methods of landscape classification on the basis of related theories of integrated physical geography and landscape ecology. Based on the total differences reflected in the alteration and interaction of physical factors (such as climate, geomorphy, soil and vegetation) and human factors (such as land use) in Shangyi county, we take geomorphy and land use type as the key indicators to classify the landscape of this county. There are two interrelated ways of landscape classification: the "top down" division and the "bottom up" subsumption. Combining site of the two ways is the senior land unit: mestnost (land system) type, along with field verification. In this paper, the landscape classification hierarchic system is composed of two levels. At the first level, the county's landscape is divided into 8 categories, which are further divided into 23 sub-categories at the second level. The 8 landscape categories are: Grazing and farming landscape on the river and lank beaches; Farming, grazing and forest landscape in the low-relief terrains; Grazing, farming and forest landscape on the high plateaus; Grazing, forest and farming landscape on mountains on the edge of the high plateaus; Farming, grazing and forest landscape in the river valleys; Grazing, forest and farming landscape on the rocky hills; Grazing and farming landscape on the loess tablelands; Forest, grazing and farming landscape on the lightly eroded, middle sized mountains. Corresponded with the natural conditions and environmental problems of each landscape category, the ecological restoration strategies are proposed under the guidance of landscape planning theories and methods, which may act as reference for the environmental rehabilitation, ecological restoration and protective measures against environmental degradation.
Ningbo, classic group city, is the central city of the south Yangtze River Delta and is one of the economically developed coastal areas. Since the late 1970s, its urbanization process has been quickened greatly, which resulted in substantial increase in both urban areas and urbanization intensity. The landsat MSS, TM/ETM satellite images, which were respectively acquired in five periods of 1979, 1990,1995,2000 and 2005, were used to extract urban land information and analyze urban growth data with the help of remote sensing and GIS software. We analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics including urban growth speed, growth intensity and fractal dimension. Additionally, outer spatial form of urban expansion in Ningbo city was also analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) From 1979 to 2005, the growth speed and the growth intensities of urbanized area in Ningbo city were accelerating obviously. To the three districts, there are some differences in the growth speeds and intensities. (2) The fractal dimensions of urbanized land structure were fluctuant and relating to the growth process of urbanized land. When the shape of urbanized land tends to be regular, the fractal dimension will decrease. (3) The mode position of index of the growth intensities related to shape centre of the urbanized land tends moving toward the outside. But the change of the mode value differs from each other in the three districts. (4) The direction of spatial expansion of urbanized land was obviously related to transplanting of port and the development of port economy. (5) With the transplanting of Ningbo port from river port, estuary port to coastal port, the evolvement of outer spatial form of Ningbo city was from the type of single central city with river port, enclave group city of estuary port with "one city and one town", enclave group city of coastal port with "one city and two towns" and discontinuity zonal city of coastal port with "one city and many towns". Finally, the "T-shaped" outer spatial form of modern Ningbo city composed of towns along the coast and towns along the Yong jiang River will come into being.
The analysis on spatial expansion of the urban fringe lays the foundation for the research on urban spatial structure and formation evolution in the future. Based on the data of urban land use in Daxing District, extracted from TM remote sensing images in 1994, 2001 and 2006, this article conducts an analysis on the temporal and spatial characteristics of urban land use in the urbanization.process of the past ten years urbanization, through studying the intensity index, gradient index and spatial expansion pattern and other factors involved in the expansion of the built-up areas, and provides basis for identifying the orientation of urban land use in the urban fringe and improving the efficiency of land use and urban and rural construction. The result shows that urbanization of Daxing primarily concentrated on the later study period, with ever increasing in intensity of expansion of the urban land use; construcion lands are distributed in the gradient of urban expansion in an uneven manner, with two stable growth areas, generally in highly urbanized area and rural area whose gradient indexes are above 0.8 and below 0.2 respectively. The increasing expansion of the central urban district and its area has resulted in an evident trend that the built-up areas are concentrated on high index sect:ons, with large-scale increase in built-up areas in low index sections due to the rapid development of small towns in rural areas. The whole district was separated into three levels by the urbanization gradient, i.e., the high speed-urbanization belt, rapid-urbanization belt and slow-urbanization belt.The high-speed-urbanization belt, close to the central district, is in the dominant position, but is declining owing to the restriction of the land supply. Rapid-urbanization belt expands mainly along an axis which has exerted stable impact on the urbanization of Daxing. With the rapid development of urban economy,the separated pattern is becoming a main pattern of spatial expansion of the urban fringe, with an increasingly dramatic influence on the spatial expansion, leading to rapid increase of the number of constructed areas.
Land use and land cover change (LUCC) research has been given close attention during the past decade, because of the pivotal role of LUCC in many aspects like global climatic change, food security, soil degradation and biodiversity. This study attempts to identify how much driving forces of land-use changes can be understood through logistic regression analysis. So, spatial statistical models of the proximate causes of different processes of the land-use change in the farming-pastoral zone (Inner Mongolia) were developed, taking into account the spatial variability of the land-use change processes. The descriptive spatial models developed here suggested some important factors driving the land-use changes that can be related to some well-established theoretical frameworks. The explanatory variables of the spatial model of arable land suggest a model, where conversion to arable land is controlled by the rural settlements and agro-climatic zones.Grassland conversion is controlled by the distance to the nearest rural settlement, organic matter in the soil and distance to the nearest river. Expansion of forest is also controlled by the rural settlements and altitude. Spatial heterogeneity as well as the variability in time of land-use change processes affect human ability to use regression models for wide ranging extrapolations. These spatial models can identify the main driving forces of different land-use changes through validation of the logistic regression model of the grass expansion.
Tide gauges and satellite altimetry are the two measurements techniques of present-day sea level change, and tide gauges provide sea-level variations with respect to the land on which they lie. The predictions of sea-level changes are affected by modeling, methods, data length, data quality and other factors, which cause the uncertainties of prediction. Based on the monthly average tidal records of six tidal gauge stations in East China since the 1950s, Mean Generation Function(MGF) and Singular Spectrum Analysis(SSA) are employed to discuss the stability of long-term prediction.MGF model is built with each station's initial data of over 20 years, and the subsequent data are used to undertake comparative multi-experiments and tests. As a result, these prediction experiments testify that MGF exhibits more favorable and steady long-term prediction.Therefore, based on SSA denoised series, the MGF model is used to predict the sea-level changes of each station on the monthly scale till the year 2050. All stations take on obvious fluctuated rising trend. The calculated annual mean series indicate that the upper limit of the fluctuated sea-level changes can be no more than 20 cm. The velocity of the sea-level changes show periodity and fluctuant with prominent differences in the ascending and degressive segments accompanying with obviously spatial variation. Compared with the previous research findings, whose results are primarily done under linear hypothesis and may show limitation to some extent. Owing to the fluctuations and irregularities of sea-level changes, the prediction conclusion adopted by SSA and MGF methods are relatively comparable, and have favorable long-term prediction potential in terms of methodology and experimental results. Natural forcing, which is a combination with anthropogenic forcing plays an important role in the sea-level change, and there are still enormous uncertainties about sea-level change and its prediction.The integrated prediction system should be constructed with the consideration of multiple factors. Furthermore, comprehensive and comparative research is also needed.
Nabkha is a common kind of biological wind deposition geomorphy in arid and semi-humid desert, and sandy coast.The nabkha's form is a kind of dynamical balanced shape made by the interaction of regional plant, wind and sand in the specific developmental stage of nabkha. It can reflect eco-environmental characteristics and regularity of change in the region. In this paper, the change regularity and characteristics of nabkha's shape in different developmental stages have been discussed on the basis of statistical analysis on morphological data of nabkha surveyed in the basin of Hotan River, Xinjiang. Results indicate that there exist better correlations among length, width and altitude of all kinds of nabkhas, but there is difference in different developmental stages of the same typical nabkha and different typical nabkhas, and according to analysis on mathematical model of nabkha's morphological data, regional eco-environmental features and aeolian characteristics, the development of nabkha can be divided into the growing stage with all shape data covariation, the stabilizing stage with higher gradient, synergistic growth of length and width and plant being the main factor, and the declining stage with nabkha's length shortening and more complex relations among all morphological data. The long axis and short axis of all kinds of nabkhas are in synergic growth. The horizontal scale and height of nebkha show significant correlation. The geometric shape of nabkha is approximately semi-ellipsoid which has few difference in slope-length and slope-gradient between upward and leeward sides in the basin of Hotan River. At the growth stage, Tamarix nabkha mainly appears approximately conical, and at the mature and stable stage, it is approximately hemispherical. The shape of Phragmite nabkha is approximately semi-ellipsoid which has shorter and steeper upward slope and longer and lower gradient leeward slope. The shape of Alaghi nabkha presents approximately semi-ellipsoid which has longer and lower gradient upward slope and shorter and steeper leeward slope. The result can be a quantizing index for monitoring regional desertification or oasis enlarging.
The sensitivity analysis of primary factors affecting the forest Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is important to estimate NPP accurately. In this paper, the sensitivity of NPP to primary parameters of BEPS (boreal ecosystem productivity simulator) was explored using uncertainty and sensitivity matrix (USM) at Changbaishan Natural Reserve in southeast Jilin province, China. Three input parameters for BEPS (leaf area index, temperature and precipitation) were selected for single factor analysis. The analysis was based on an uncertainty and sensitivity matrix with two fixed parameters and the third one was given with a change of +/-5% (or 0.5 degree), +/-10% (or 1 degree) and +/-20% (or 2 degree) respectively. The result shows that in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, forest net primary productivity increases with the increase of LAI, drops with the rise of temperature, and has no obvious relationship with precipitation. The sensitivity analysis of different vegetation classes, including coniferous forest, broadleaf forest and mixed forest, was also done. We find the coniferous forest has a strong adaptability to environment and less effect on the environmental changes. This study was just performed at one of the parameters with pre-setting changes, while the other two parameters are fixed at true values. Definitely, any parameter will respond to the change of other parameter. Hence the net forest primary productivity will change with them. Therefore, in the future, we need to strengthen the research of changing more parameters than one simultaneously to study the sensitivity of NPP to input parameters.
Based on water, sediment and precipitation data from the upper Changjiang River and its tributaries, a study has been made of the temporal variation in suspended sediment concentration in relation with the variation in precipitation and human activities.The variations in suspended sediment concentrations in the main stream and tributaries are not synchronic, and some complicated variation can be seen.The variation in precipitation can only explain 15.86%~37.21% of the variation in suspended sediment concentration, and thus variation in precipitation is not the main cause for the variation in suspended concentration. Using the analysis of double-mass curve, the effect of human activities on the variation in suspended concentration has been studied. The suspended concentration of the lower Jinsha River increased ofter 1983.This can be explained by the large-scale mining and road and urban construction, which not only disposes huge quantities of soil and rock debris to the river, but also results in the reactivation and releasing of the previously deposited mass-wasting and debris flow materials. The double-mass curve for the Minjiang River shows three breaks, which may be explained by reservoir construction and deforestation and reforestation. The suspended sediment concentration of the Jialing River decreased after 1984 because marked sediment reduction effect has been achieved by soil and water conservation measures. The suspended sediment of the Wujiang River increased after 1967 and then decreased after 1983, the former can be related to the vegetation destruction that enhanced soil erosion and the latter to the construction of reservoirs that trapped sediment.Compared to the 4 tributaries, the suspended sediment of the main stream of the upper Changjiang River shows smaller variation in suspended sediment concentration. As the suspended sediment concentration of the lower Jinsha River increased after 1983 while that of the Jialing River decreased after 1984, they offset each other and thus the variation in the suspended sediment concentration of the Yichang station is much smaller.The results of a multiple regression analysis shows that the contribution percentages of the variation in suspended sediment of Pingshan, Gaochang, Beibei and Wulong stations are 28.5%, 12.6%, 44.2% and 14.7%, respectively.
The uncertainty problem in hydrological model is an important issue of scientific research at present, which covers three aspects of data, model structure and parameters.Parameter is one of the key roles in analyzing model uncertainty problem. The value of parameters depends on characteristics of a basin, but in fact it is difficult to obtain because there are few observation stations. In general, it needs to confirm parameters by several calibration methods including Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annerling and Artificial Neural Network. So there exists parameter uncertainty problem. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology is an effective approach to study uncertainty of parameters. In this paper, the uncertainty in Xinanjiang model is examined by employing GLUE. Based on the simulation results of daily data from Jiuzhou(1978~1987) and Lushi(1980~1988) basins, it is found that the phenomenon of "equifinality" exists among parameters groups for both of the basins. According to comparison result of scatter plots, parameters of Xinanjiang model can be classified into three groups: sensitivity parameters such as UM, EX; non-sensitivity parameters such as KC, CS and regional sensitivity parameters such as B, WM. The conclusion is favorable for understanding parameters of Xinanjiang model so as to provide valuable scientific information for simulating hydrological processes. Finally it puts forward the main contents on future uncertainties research in hydrological modeling.
In order to analyze the spatial structure and multi-scale characteristics of runoff time series in the Yarlung Tsangpo Zanggo River basin, the monthly runoff data at 6 meteorological stations in the study area from 1956 to 2000 are investigated. The periodic oscillation of runoff variation and the points of abrupt change at different time scales are investigated by using wavelet method in this study. At the same time, the main periods of each time series are identified by estimating wavelet variance, which is helpful to determine the spatial distributions of periodicity. Application of the Morlet wavelet function for the runoff time series has shown that the seasonal and annual trends of runoff change in the last 44 years were consistent at the scale of 15 years, and the abrupt change occurred mostly in 1957, 1967, 1976, 1983 and 1992. There are more points of abrupt and more numbers of alternation between low flow and ample flow at the smaller scales. There is an obvious periodic oscillation of 15 and 2 years for the first main periods for the seasonal and annual runoff variation, and 15, 6 and 2~3 years for the second main periods. The spatial distributions of periodicity for autumn and annual runoff time series are similar to some degree with those of winter and summer runoff, respectively. Both seasonal and annual runoff at any scales in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin will increase in the near future except the spring runoff in the Lhasa River basin at the scale of 2~3 years. The characteristics of runoff time series such as long-term trends, points of abrupt and periodic oscillation are consistent well with those of precipitation time series in the study area. It has been shown that the runoff recharge is mainly from precipitation in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin.
Urban agriculture is a brand-new concept to innovate agriculture from the perspective of urban-rural harmonized development, which thus encourages planners and practitioners to understand the agricultural development in a broader urban-rural interactive system. The purpose of this paper is to compare the experiences of urban agriculture worldwide so as to stimulate and benefit China's urban agricultural development.By reviewing the facets of the developmental context, organizational form, production characteristics, marketing and agro-logistics, main function and policy building capacity, experiences in America, Britain and Germany in Europe, Japan, Korea and Singapore in Asia, Latin America and Africa are summarized. According but not limited to this, we argue that urban agriculture lays a promising and practical way for the project of China New Countryside & Agriculture and further contribute to coordinating the urban-rural development. In terms of the urbanization pace and nowadays situation, we may, however, need to discriminate the foci of urban agriculture between the city region area and the food-supplying area. The function of urban agriculture should be adjusted in the inner, middle and ex-urban areas. Enterprises and agricultural associations will be the major ones organizing urban agriculture, which requires specialization in the industrial chain. Agro-logistics is the weakest but in an urgent situation for the urban agricultural development in China. Policy capacity needs to be built on the agenda including urban planning, land tenure, property right, managing organization and technology innovation.
Industrial location is a result of the interactions between economic, social and physical factors. Since the 1990s, factors affecting industrial spatial distribution in China have changed a lot, that is, the role of traditional factors like natural resources and transportation is decreasing while that of a number of new factors is increasing, such as inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI), agglomeration economy and development of innovation networks. As such, manufacturing activities have experienced turbulent spatial changes in recent years. The color-TV industry, as a major contributor to employment, productivity and output growth in the Chinese electronics industry, is a typical sector with rapid spatial changes in the last two decades. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the factors affecting recent spatial changes of the color-TV industry in China, and to identify its changing dynamics at different stages. Following a brief review on industrial location theory, this paper first summarizes the changing characteristics of the spatial distribution of China's color-TV industry from 1971 to 2005, by using the index of concentration. Then it analyzes major factors affecting the spatial distribution of the industry in three different development stages identified in the first step. The paper finds that, in recent transition from the central planning economy to a market economy and from a closed economy to one integrated more and more into the global economy, major factors affecting the industry's location have changed from government policy and intervention to corporate strategies to cope with intensified market competition and to inflow of foreign direct investment. China has a diverse, complex and rapidly changing economy. The paper offers a case study to understanding recent spatial changes of manufacturing activities in China, which is an area worthy of further study in the China's context.
This paper pays attention to the time-space evolution of FDI in Sichuan Province from 1991 to 2005. Based on the panel data of enterprises' numbers of all kinds of foreign investment in Sichuan Province in 1991, 1996, 2000 and 2005, the research shows that the industries in which the foreign enterprises invested are gradually expanding in this period, such as electricity, transportation, warehousing and telecommunications industry, wholesale and retail trade, real estate, tourism, mining industry in 2000, and remained unchanged from 2000 to 2005. However, investment focuses on the manufacturing industry. As to the spatial structure, the general spatial distribution is convergent notably from 1991 to 2005. But there are micro-scale changes in different periods of time. In the early 1990s, the 6 inner districts of Chengdu are the main ones in which the foreign capital invested, in addition to the suburban counties of Chengdu, Deyang and Mianyang are not prior areas, and other areas like Nanchong, Guangyuan at Leshan are the main ones. But in the mid-1990s, the foreign capital invested to key areas shows a spatial distribution pattern oriented to the Baoji-Chengdu,Chengdu-Chongqing and Chengdu-Kunming railways. And then, foreign entrepreneurs give first priority to Chengdu, Mianyang, Deyang and Leshan in the end of the 1990s. In the early 21st century, there are only three prior areas including Chengdu, Deyang, and Mianyang. And there is a notable trend that industries in foreign capital invested enterprises agglomerate in inner districts of Chengdu including manufacturing, construction,agriculture,and all of the other tertiary industries except tourism. Besides, lots of FDI enterprises of manufacturing, agriculture, whole-sale and retail, real estate gather in the suburban districts of Chengdu, particularly, the amount of manufacturing enterprises increases steadily. But anyway, Mianyang, Deyang and Leshan are the important areas FDI entrepreneurs pay attention to, especially manufacturing and whole-sale and retail in Mianyang, manufacturing in Deyang, tourism in Leshan, but less FDI in other areas in any industry. The striking convergence of "Chengdu-oriented" of FDI in this period shows a polarization effect in the process of economic development in Sichuan Province. As a growth pole, Chengdu gets more favorable and effective policy supports from the higher authorization of Sichuan Province in competing with Chongqing since 1997, therefore, lots of fund has been invested in infrastructure construction, such as highways. On the other hand, Chengdu is the most developed area both in economic and social services. Besides, there are lots of excellent managers, R&D personnel and skilled hands, and a great potential market. All of the above are attractive to all kinds of FDI enterprises. In addition, the FDI invested enterprises demonstrate their development to the following ones and give them hopeful actuation effect.
The formation and development process of urban agglomeration is the integration and optimization evolvement process of its spatial structure; it is also the reorganization and optimization process of its industrial structure. Researching the well-spatial integration and organization can strengthen industrial cooperation and structural inter-reinforce among cities; which is helpful to seek the optimal industrial competition and cooperation road for urban agglomeration in the process of economic globalization and regional economic integration. Wuhan Urban Agglomeration which lies in the middle economic hinterland in Central China is the bridge and bond of industrial gradient shift from east to west, also the important strategic pivot in the rising of Central China. Based on the analysis of the strategic status of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration, this paper proposes the overall thinking of constructing ecological urban agglomeration, confirm its overall orientation as the important engine of region economic growth, the pivot of interactive development among the eastern, western and middle parts which take the Yangtze River economic belt as the main axis and important center of the advanced manufacturing and service industries in central region; puts forwards the node-axes structure scheme which is composed of "One Core" (Wuhan main core), "Two Rings" (the freeway outer ring circling Wuhan urban district and the expectant freeway outer ring circling Wuhan Urban Agglomeration), "Two Belts" (two eco-barriers which consist of Tongbai-Dabie Mountain in northeast and Mufu Mountain in south), and "Four Axes (four-city and industrial development belts); the circle structure scheme which is composed of core circle, close circle and radiation circle; the cluster structure scheme which is made up of Huangshi-Ezhou-Huanggang eastern industry-city cluster, Xiantao-Qianjiang-Tianmen western industry-city cluster, Xiaogan-Hanchuan-Yingcheng northwestern industry-city cluster and Xianning-Chibi-Jiayu northern industry-city cluster; the spatial morphology structure scheme which is made up of "One Main Center"(metropolis city Wuhan), "One Sub-Center"(super-large cities compositing with Huangshi urban district and Daye urban district), and Seven Nodes (Huanggang urban district, Xiaogan urban district, Ezhou urban district, Xiantao urban district, Qianjiang urban district, Xianning urban district, and Tianmen urban district). Finally, the paper proposes the thoughts on industrial development and contribution including extending the 10 preponderant industrial chains such as automobile industry, opto-electronic industry, iron and steel industry, nonferrous metallurgy industry, petrochemical industry, salt chemical industry, textile and apparel industry, papermaking and packaging industry, construction industry, agricultural by-products industry, constructing 15 industrial clusters and seven characteristic industrial belts which are of important interregional significance, furthermore making the distribution and corporation scheme of industrial development.This paper has the strategic significance and important realistic meaning to the development of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration, Hubei Province and rise of Central Rise China, it is an important guidance for enriching and perfecting the theory of spatial integration and industrial optimization for urban agglomeration, and also providing references to other urban agglomerations in China on achieving the spatial integration and industrial optimization.
Now, city cluster has become the principal part of urbanization form of China. The spatial conformity of city cluster is a great strategic matter which must be solved in the urbanization process.At present, the Central Plain city cluster has been developing well, and it has been deemed to be one of the ten great city clusters that China would form. Using geographical theories such as fractal theory about urban special distribution, urbanization imbalance indicator, urban network theory and analysis of urban reciprocity in space and so on, this paper analyzed the spatial combination characters of cities and towns of the Central Plain city cluster.The results show that: (1) the distribution of cities and towns is comparatively dense; (2) the urban spatial distribution takes on a convergence type; (3) the traffic-oriented and sphere layers characteristics of spatial distribution of cities and towns are obvious; (4) the primary urban network structure which has four arteries as the trunks has formed; and (5) the analysis from the angle of urban reciprocity in space, shows that it belongs to the typical "weaker pole and multiple cores pattern". Then, this paper analyzed the ordinary principle about spatial conformity of city cluster, and according to this law, it conceived the spatial conformity mechanism to make the nine cities of the Central Plain city cluster develop harmoniously as a whole. According to the development feature of the Central Plain city cluster itself, this paper considered that in this period, the Central Plain city cluster as a whole should take "sphere layer" pattern of urban spatial conformity; in the local parts, according to the status, it could adopt "axial belt" and "growth triangle" patterns; and in the future when the Central Plain city cluster has been developing maturely, using "double city" pattern would be reasonable. Colligating the above analysis, this paper considered that around 2020, the Central Plain city cluster should strive for spatial conformity as "double core,double circle layers,four axial belts,one growth triangle " as a whole, so that the Central Plain city cluster form the pattern of center centralizing,axial stretching and network contacting.
Human settlements are the base for human survival and development, the most consanguineous and material geographic space between human and environment. With the urbanization in China, the emphasis on human building settlements is transferred to fringe and the importance of fringe human settlements becomes more obvious. The evolvement of human settlements in metropolis fringe is the result of different kinds of forces in and out of human settlements during the man-nature interaction and follows some rules. Taking Guangzhou as the case, some evolvement rules are disclosed. Firstly, human settlements system evolvement is separated into three phases, i.e. initial phase, metaphase and anaphase with prominent characteristics of urbanization, economy, infrastructure, community, landscape and landuse . Secondly, the conception of human settlements capacity is put forward and with the method of GIS, it is found out that the population density increases and the human settlements capacity approaches to saturation. Thirdly, the evolvement of metropolis fringe human settlements develops with unbalanced periodicity. On the basis of it, using the Verhulst Logistic Equation and Complex Ecosystem Dynamics Mechanism for reference, the phase, life cycle and the sustainable development model of metropolis fringe human settlements are established. The study on the evolvement rules of human settlements in metropolis fringe is of great theoretical and practical significance by disclosing the rules of human settlements development. It tries to construct the elementary theoretical frame of human settlements in metropolis fringe, enriching the theoretical system of human settlements sciences, and guiding the optimization and regulation practices of human settlements in metropolis fringe.
The super-organic concept, which had been suggested by anthropologists, was introduced into the study of cultural geography by scholars of Berkeley School, an influential school of the study of cultural geography in the United States. Wilbur Zelinsky,a geographer of Berkeley School, gave the features of super-organism in his book Cultural Geography of the United States. It is the super-organism that shapes the cultural landscapes on the land of America. This concept, however, has been seriously criticized by the New Cultural Geographers although it had ever-great influence on the traditional studies of cultural geography. The discussion here is focused on the usability and limitation of the concept of super-organism. The correct using of the method of causal analysis,the different usability of the concept of super-organism in the studies of different scales of the cultural landscapes or different social perspectives are the major questions discussed in this paper. Some case studies by Chinese geographers have been mentioned in this paper. They show both the critic standpoint and positive attitude to the super-organism in these case studies. And the authors address that either positive or negative view-angles have their reasons for existence in cultural geography, even the New Cultural Geography leads the trend.
Beijing' s Nanluoguxiang-South Gong and Drum Lane-has a long history and rich cultural connotations.Along the lane and in the area nearby, there are several academic art institutions and prominent theaters, including The Central Academy of Drama, Beijing Art Association, Chinese Drama Theater, Beijing Seven-Color Children' s Theater and so on.Since the early 1990s when China' s institutional reform towards encouraging the commercialization of cultural undertaking began, over 30 various cafés and bars have emerged, which made Nanluoguxiang a place of interests for tourists and also a space of leisure for local residents.More importantly, it has become the breeding ground of cultural and creative activities for actors, directors, screenwriters and other artists.Nanluoguxiang' s rich resources available in the historical heritage of the old downtown provide many possibilities for creative activities. With the data collected from qualitative interviews and a small sample questionnaire of the field survey, this paper illustrates the appearance and operation of the cafés and bars in Nanluoguxiang and shows the importance of social gatherings.That can bring together all the creative personalities and the formulation of ideas may lead to collective creativity.These individuals form a social network, which actually becomes the precondition for the creative process.The physical spaces of cultural heritages become a hinge for creative ideas.Therefore, the best breeding ground for creative activities is where the creative talents can be attracted.From this points of view, it can be argued that the building of industrial parks in green fields might be useful to breed creative products, but unnecessarily efficient.
From the security of the relationship between human and nature, tourist ecological consumption characteristic and global climate change, this paper puts forward the conception of ecological security for tourist destination, and defines the conception in two ways by broad sense and narrow sense. Based on the theory and method of ecological footprint, it puts forward the ecological security measuring model, and taking the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve (JNNR) as an example, it calculates and analyses the ecological security index and the intra and inter-regional impact on the JNNR in 2004. Four characteristics have been summarized: (1)The total tourist ecological footprint of the JNNR reaches 163514.0248hm2 in 2004, an increase of 115.1% in contrast to that of 2002; the per capita tourist ecological footprint is 0.105190274hm2 in 2004, an increase of 72.44%; the per capita residents ecological footprint of the JNNR is 0.994925hm2 in 2004, up by 3.47% compared with that of 0.9616hm2 in 2002.This indicates that tourism developed has produced some influence on the resident's consumption models.(2)The total tourist wastes ecological footprint of the JNNR is 46960.5678 hm2 in 2004,the per capita is 0.044543055 hm2,about 42.35% of the total tourist ecological footprint in 2004, and about 99.84% of the total tourist wastes ecological footprint are the CO2 emissions by the tourists. With the global climate change boiling up, the strict requirement of emission rights of CO2 and by international society, the rapidly developed trade market of CO2, and the high sensitivities to the CO2 about landscape of Jiuzhaigou, monitoring and research into various changes of CO2 for tourist destinations should be enhanced.(3)The ecological security index of the JNNR is from 1.093158 to 1.159388 in 2004, it is thus ecologically secure now, but the narrow sense of tourist destination ecological security index is higher than the broad sense, indicating that tourism development has not only exerted intra-regional but also interregional impact.(4)The increasing number of tourists, travel distance of tourists, changing consumption model of residents, and the increasing dependency on natural resources by local residents are the main factors influencing the ecological security of the JNNR in the future.
Landforms can be described and quantified into relief classes by parametrization of digital elevation model (DEM). Several algorithms are available for automated classification of landforms, and most of the current approaches are mainly based on regular statistic unit. However, these approaches are not suitable for Chinese traditional classification system of geomorphology. Under the traditional system, integrity of geographical entities is ensured, and dividing lines of landforms are coincident with boundaries of geographical entities, the statistic units of landform classification are hereby not regular. Accordingly, algorithms of automated classification of landforms in this system are more complex, and they are still lack of effective ways to realize the automated classification of landforms under the Chinese traditional classification system. Taking one with another, the auto-classification of landform is mainly enslaved to the shortage of effective methods on the geomorphic unit auto-extration. Aimed at this problem, new quantitative and automatic methods for geomorphic unit extraction were developed in this research. Through searching for conjoint raster, neighboring cells with the same slope class were joined to the same groups. Then mountains were separated from plains by the rules based on the slope and area of the group. Boundary points of mountains were distinguished by model analysis on a reversed terrain in condition of 2-dimension. Subsequently, hydrologic modeling was carried out to extract all boundary points from real 3-dimension topography. After that, basic morphometric classes were extracted by structure lines created from the boundary points. The study shows that the results of geomorphic unit digital extraction and identification reach accuracies comparable to those of handwork. The methods developed in this article fit Chinese traditional classification system of geomorphology, and could help the digital classification of landform from DEM.
In remotely sensed image from rugged terrain the sunny surface shows more radiance than the expected and on the shady surface the effect is the opposite. That is to say, a high variation in the reflectance response for the same land use/land cover types is caused by the irregular shape of the terrain. Therefore, the removal of the topographic effect named topographic correction may be critical in areas of rugged terrain, as a preliminary step to the estimation of land surface parameters for Landsat ETM+ image. And then the concept and goal of topographic correction was briefly introduced and then various algorithms for topographic correction developed internationally were reviewed and summarized. Many researches have been carried out on topographic correction and many topographic correction algorithms have been put forward such as cosine correction, C correction, SCS correction, SCS+C correction, Minnaert correction etc. However, there is no clear consensus on methods that may be universally applicable. The main difficulty in applying topographic corrections is related to the lack of standard and generally accepted models. So a correction test was carried out in this study to compare 11 existing popular methods of topographic correction, including a new one named VECA developed by ourselves, and see how successfully they can be applied to Landsat-7 ETM+ image. The test site was selected on the relatively rugged terrain located on the southern piedmont of the Qinling Mountains. And then visual comparison and statistical analysis were adopted for feasible evaluation of the 11 topographic correction methods, and the results suggested that VECA correction, b correction, C correction, Teillet-regression correction, SCS+C correction Minnaert correction and Minnaert-SCS correction have good correction performance, however, the Cosine-T correction, Cosine-C correction,SCS correction and Cosine-b correction would overcorrect the shaded areas in image; and the VECA and b correction are the most capable ones for removing the topographic effects contained in ETM+ image among the 11 methods, compared with b correction, VECA was not only better in performance on topographic effects removal but also simple in theory and easy for operation. In the last section of this paper, the problems and difficulties existing in topographic correction were discussed, and the future hot points and research focuses were discussed.
