Sustainable Livelihood Security in the Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone: Ecologically Secure, Economically Efficient or Socially Equitable?

doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.03.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Sustainable Livelihood Security (SLS) remains a rarely considered yet important issue for rural sustainability and natural resource management. Particularly in China, rural SLS research in a typical area is urgently needed, but insufficient under the background of National Rural Revitalization and Ten-year Fishing Ban of Yangtze River. Focusing on the policy-targeted inland lake area, we proposed a Livelihood Security Analysis (LSA) framework by establishing an adaptive indicator system and integrating multiple econometrical and geographical methods. This study aims to evaluate the SLS in Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone comprehensively from the three aspects of ecology, economy and society, analyze their spatial patterns, identify the main constraints, and finally give specific suggestions for improving rural sustainability management. The results showed that rural SLS in the inland great lake area tended to be vulnerable mainly due to the lagging economic efficiency and unbalanced social equality, and mediated by regional ecological characteristics. The overall SLS and Ecological Security Index (ESI) were higher in the north and lower in the south, while Economic Efficiency Index (EEI) and Social Equality Index (SEI) were at the middle level and circularly distributed around Nanchang City. The dominating factors which have greatly shaped the spatial pattern of SLS include rural per capita electricity consumption, fishery breeding area, population dependency ratio, urbanization rate, and fishery population. The obstacle degree is ranked as economic system > social system > ecological system. An outdated economy and incomplete social services are the main constraints, characterized by weak electricity consumption, limited beds in hospitals, low urbanization rate, deficient agricultural machinery power, and a small agricultural output value. Therefore, one urgent need is to activate the rural economy by reinforcing rural electric power facilities and promoting agricultural mechanization. In addition, transforming the peasants/fishermen to the non-agricultural sector should be accelerated, which will help to reduce ecological pressure, boost urban-rural integration and narrow the income gap.

Key words: sustainable livelihood security, methodological framework, spatial pattern, influencing factors, Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone

WU Zhilong, ZENG Tian, HUANG Jin. Sustainable Livelihood Security in the Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone: Ecologically Secure, Economically Efficient or Socially Equitable?[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2022, 13(3): 442-457.

Figures/Tables 9

References 52

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Representative framework	Main advantages	Potential limitations	Reference	Targeted area
Human Development Index (HDI)	Consisting of three indicators: life expectancy, adult literacy rate and the logarithm of GDP per capita, the HDI allows for easy and comprehensive assessment of the social development, and helps to work out corresponding strategies	The HDI is mainly derived from social and economic scope, and may neglect the ecology and environmental protection	UNDP, 1990	Worldwide application
Sustainable Livelihood Analysis (SLA) framework	Composed of vulnerability context, livelihood capital, transformation of structures and institutions, livelihood strategy and livelihood outcomes, SLA framework provides a checklist of important questions for livelihood study	It requires a lot of resources and a high level of skill, which makes it difficult to operationalize and use	Department for International Development (DFID), 2000	Developing countries/areas
Household Livelihood Security (HLS)	HLS has eight sub-components based on availability, accessibility, quality, and use and status of basic elements of livelihood security. It helps to identify the constraints to livelihood security	The HLS approach is highlighted at the family or community level, but not suitable on a larger scale	Lindenberg, 2002	Developing countries/areas
Vulnerability framework	Vulnerability framework elaborates the complexity and relevance of internal components, i.e. exposure, sensitivity and resilience	This framework is conceptual and does not provide detailed indicators or specific methods	Turner et al., 2003	-
Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI)	The SLSI index is comprehensively thinking and takes the ecological, economic and social systems into account	It is hard to identify the key variables and obstacle factors with a subjective weight for each indicator	Singh and Hiremath, 2010	Gujarat, India
Environmental Livelihood Security (ELS) framework	This framework fully illustrates the water, energy and food nexus in the environment system, and the vulnerability, assets and outcome nexus in the livelihood system	ELS may be insufficient for assessing livelihood security by merely focusing on the relationship between environment and livelihood	Biggs et al., 2015	Tonle Sap Lake area, Cambodia
Household Livelihood Resilience Approach (HLRA)	The HLRA draws from the sustainable livelihoods approach and provides detailed indicators associated with five capital assets	It may be hard to operate with the HLRA as it requires a large dataset to fulfill 25 indicators	Quandt, 2018	Isiolo County, Kenya

Representative framework	Main advantages	Potential limitations	Reference	Targeted area
Human Development Index (HDI)	Consisting of three indicators: life expectancy, adult literacy rate and the logarithm of GDP per capita, the HDI allows for easy and comprehensive assessment of the social development, and helps to work out corresponding strategies	The HDI is mainly derived from social and economic scope, and may neglect the ecology and environmental protection	UNDP, 1990	Worldwide application
Sustainable Livelihood Analysis (SLA) framework	Composed of vulnerability context, livelihood capital, transformation of structures and institutions, livelihood strategy and livelihood outcomes, SLA framework provides a checklist of important questions for livelihood study	It requires a lot of resources and a high level of skill, which makes it difficult to operationalize and use	Department for International Development (DFID), 2000	Developing countries/areas
Household Livelihood Security (HLS)	HLS has eight sub-components based on availability, accessibility, quality, and use and status of basic elements of livelihood security. It helps to identify the constraints to livelihood security	The HLS approach is highlighted at the family or community level, but not suitable on a larger scale	Lindenberg, 2002	Developing countries/areas
Vulnerability framework	Vulnerability framework elaborates the complexity and relevance of internal components, i.e. exposure, sensitivity and resilience	This framework is conceptual and does not provide detailed indicators or specific methods	Turner et al., 2003	-
Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI)	The SLSI index is comprehensively thinking and takes the ecological, economic and social systems into account	It is hard to identify the key variables and obstacle factors with a subjective weight for each indicator	Singh and Hiremath, 2010	Gujarat, India
Environmental Livelihood Security (ELS) framework	This framework fully illustrates the water, energy and food nexus in the environment system, and the vulnerability, assets and outcome nexus in the livelihood system	ELS may be insufficient for assessing livelihood security by merely focusing on the relationship between environment and livelihood	Biggs et al., 2015	Tonle Sap Lake area, Cambodia
Household Livelihood Resilience Approach (HLRA)	The HLRA draws from the sustainable livelihoods approach and provides detailed indicators associated with five capital assets	It may be hard to operate with the HLRA as it requires a large dataset to fulfill 25 indicators	Quandt, 2018	Isiolo County, Kenya

Goal layer	Sub-goal layer	Criterion layer	Indicator layer	Indicator description	Entropy weight	Comprehensive weight
Sustainable Livelihood Security (SLS)	Ecological Security Index (ESI) (0.33)	Ecological quality (0.50)	1 Forest coverage (%)	The ratio of forest land to total land area, data from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Natural Resources (+)	0.19	0.0318
			2 Water area ratio (%)	The ratio of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, wetlands, etc. to the total land area, data from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Natural Resources (+)	0.34	0.0567
			3 Surface water environment quality	Measured in accordance with the “Technical Regulations for Urban Surface Water's Environmental Quality Ranking”, which comprehensively shows the pollutant concentration in the water. The higher the value, the heavier the pollution. The annual mean value is adopted, and data come from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Ecological Environment (-)	0.09	0.0152
			4 Ecological protection red-line area ratio (%)	The ratio of the national ecological protection red line area to the total land area, data from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Ecological Environment (+)	0.38	0.0630
		Ecological stress (0.50)	5 Population-farmland ratio (person mu^-1)	The ratio of rural population to farmland area, calculated based on the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (-)	0.27	0.0445
			6 Chemical fertilizer application intensity (kg mu^-1)	The amount of chemical fertilizer applied per unit area of arable land, calculated according to the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (-)	0.32	0.0536
			7 Fishery population (person)	Population engaged in fishery production, data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (-)	0.20	0.0338
			8 Fishery breeding area (mu*)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (-)	0.21	0.0348
	Economic Efficiency Index (EEI) (0.33)	Production level (0.50)	9 Total output value of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (yuan person^-1)	Per capita output value of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.38	0.0637
			10 Total power of agricultural machinery (kW)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.49	0.0810
			11 Multiple Cropping Index	The ratio of the sown area of crops to cultivated land, calculated based on the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (+)	0.13	0.0220
		Consumption level (0.50)	12 Farmers' per capita disposable income (yuan person^-1)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.21	0.0347
			13 Rural per capita electricity consumption (kwh person^-1)	Rural per capita annual electricity consumption, data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.68	0.1137
			14 Farmers' per capita living consumption expenditure (yuan person^-1)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.11	0.0183
	Social Equality Index (SEI) (0.33)	Rural-urban equilibrium (0.50)	15 Rural-urban income disparity (yuan)	Urban residents' disposable income minus farmers' per capita net income, calculated based on Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook data (-)	0.31	0.0512
			16 Urbanization rate (%)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.51	0.0856
			17 Proportion of rural migrant laborers (%)	Proportion of rural laborers seeking jobs outside of their hometown, data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (-)	0.18	0.0300
		Social security (0.50)	18 Rural population dependency ratio	The ratio of non-working-age population to working-age population, calculated according to the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (-)	0.14	0.0230
			19 Number of beds per thousand people in hospitals/public health centers	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.48	0.0800
			20 Faculty-student ratio of basic education	The ratio of professional teachers to the number of students on campus, calculated based on the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (+)	0.38	0.0637

Goal layer	Sub-goal layer	Criterion layer	Indicator layer	Indicator description	Entropy weight	Comprehensive weight
Sustainable Livelihood Security (SLS)	Ecological Security Index (ESI) (0.33)	Ecological quality (0.50)	1 Forest coverage (%)	The ratio of forest land to total land area, data from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Natural Resources (+)	0.19	0.0318
			2 Water area ratio (%)	The ratio of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, wetlands, etc. to the total land area, data from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Natural Resources (+)	0.34	0.0567
			3 Surface water environment quality	Measured in accordance with the “Technical Regulations for Urban Surface Water's Environmental Quality Ranking”, which comprehensively shows the pollutant concentration in the water. The higher the value, the heavier the pollution. The annual mean value is adopted, and data come from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Ecological Environment (-)	0.09	0.0152
			4 Ecological protection red-line area ratio (%)	The ratio of the national ecological protection red line area to the total land area, data from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Ecological Environment (+)	0.38	0.0630
		Ecological stress (0.50)	5 Population-farmland ratio (person mu^-1)	The ratio of rural population to farmland area, calculated based on the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (-)	0.27	0.0445
			6 Chemical fertilizer application intensity (kg mu^-1)	The amount of chemical fertilizer applied per unit area of arable land, calculated according to the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (-)	0.32	0.0536
			7 Fishery population (person)	Population engaged in fishery production, data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (-)	0.20	0.0338
			8 Fishery breeding area (mu*)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (-)	0.21	0.0348
	Economic Efficiency Index (EEI) (0.33)	Production level (0.50)	9 Total output value of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (yuan person^-1)	Per capita output value of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.38	0.0637
			10 Total power of agricultural machinery (kW)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.49	0.0810
			11 Multiple Cropping Index	The ratio of the sown area of crops to cultivated land, calculated based on the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (+)	0.13	0.0220
		Consumption level (0.50)	12 Farmers' per capita disposable income (yuan person^-1)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.21	0.0347
			13 Rural per capita electricity consumption (kwh person^-1)	Rural per capita annual electricity consumption, data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.68	0.1137
			14 Farmers' per capita living consumption expenditure (yuan person^-1)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.11	0.0183
	Social Equality Index (SEI) (0.33)	Rural-urban equilibrium (0.50)	15 Rural-urban income disparity (yuan)	Urban residents' disposable income minus farmers' per capita net income, calculated based on Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook data (-)	0.31	0.0512
			16 Urbanization rate (%)	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.51	0.0856
			17 Proportion of rural migrant laborers (%)	Proportion of rural laborers seeking jobs outside of their hometown, data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (-)	0.18	0.0300
		Social security (0.50)	18 Rural population dependency ratio	The ratio of non-working-age population to working-age population, calculated according to the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (-)	0.14	0.0230
			19 Number of beds per thousand people in hospitals/public health centers	Data from Jiangxi Statistical Bureau (+)	0.48	0.0800
			20 Faculty-student ratio of basic education	The ratio of professional teachers to the number of students on campus, calculated based on the data of Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook (+)	0.38	0.0637

Moran's I index and statistics	SLS	Ecological security			Economic efficiency			Social equality
Moran's I index and statistics	SLS	Ecological quality	Ecological stress	ESI	Production level	Consumption level	EEI	Rural-urban equilibrium	Social security	SEI
Moran's I	0.3940	0.3625	0.2318	0.4446	0.0847	0.3279	0.3494	0.2231	0.1998	0.0043
Z-score	3.9373	3.5021	2.3224	4.2427	1.0365	4.4427	3.4726	2.4776	2.0752	0.3195
P-value	0.0001	0.0005	0.0202	0	0.3000	0	0.0005	0.0132	0.0380	0.7493